BIOD 102/ BIOS102 Module 2 V2 (2026/2027 Update) | Essential Biology II with Lab | Verified Questions & Answers | 100 out of 100 | Grade A+ | Portage Learning

BIOD 102/ BIOS102 Module 2 V2 (2026/2027 Update) | Essential Biology II with Lab | Verified Questions & Answers | 100 out of 100 | Grade A+ | Portage Learning Q: In xylem, water is pulled upward by a __________ pressure Answer negative Q: (True or False) Protoplast fusion is used to create hybrid plants, using plant cells that have an additional layer of cell wall. Answer false Q: which is true for monocots? Answer 1 seed leaf, parallel veins, only lateral roots Q: Golden Rice is a transgenic variety of rice, created in order to provide supplementation of ? Answer Vitamin A Q: The transport proteins in the cell membrane that allow the passage of water are Answer aquaporins Q: The opening and closing of stomata are caused by Answer guard cells Q: What are the vascular seedless plants? Answer pterophytes and lycophytes Q: In angiosperms double fertilization results in a diploid (2n)___________ and a triploid (3n)_____________ Answer zygote; endosperm Q: (True/False) In Vascular plants the sporophyte stage is larger and longer-living than the gametophyte stage Answer True Q: Rank the following top to bottom, in the sequence of their evolution. (Top for oldest) Answer Bryophytes, pterophytes, charophytes, Gymnosperms Q: Which of these play an important role in cell expansion ? Answer Microtubules Q: What happens to a plant cell placed in hypotonic solution? Answer Turgid Q: Transition from vegetative to reproductive phase is associated with the switching on of ______________ meristem identity genes. Answer floral Q: When water and minerals travel in plants only via cell walls & extracellular spaces, the route is referred as? Answer apoplastic Q: A callus is a mass of Answer dividing, undifferentiated cells Q: (true/false) Vegetative propogation generates genetic variation that makes evolutionary adaptation possible. Answer false Q: Which of the following are the least specialized cells in a plant? Answer parenchyma Q: Which of the following are true in regards to an active transport ? Answer ATP required, molecules move from low to high, molecules move against conc. gradient Q: (true/ false) Casparian strip of the endodermal wall blocks the symplastic route that transfers minerals through the roots. Answer true Q: Inhibition of lateral buds by an active apical bud is called Answer apical dominance Q: Angiosperms and Gymnosperms in their life cycle have dominant Answer sporophyte Q: The arrangement of leaves on a stem is known as Answer phyllotaxy Q: (True/False) The cork cambium is primarily responsible for the Primary growth of a plant. Answer False Q: (True/False) Cells that remain in the meristem & keep the meristem's supply of cells in check are known as derivatives. Answer False (initials) Q: Which of the following is part of Carpel? Answer stigma, style, and ovary Q: Plants that are adapted to hot arid climates are called Answer xerophytes Q: Spores are made by the process of ? Answer meiosis Q: In which of the following plants does Stomata open during night ? Answer CAM Q: The movement of the which specific ions by the Guard cells causes the opening and closing of stomata ? Answer Potassium Q: Gametes are made from Gametophytes, by the process of ? Answer mitosis Q: What does the endocrine system consist of? Answer Glands, organs and tissues that are responsible for the regulation and coordination of allother body systems. Q: What specifically is the endocrine system responsible for (8)? Answer 1. Water balance 2. Ion regulation 3. Growth and metabolism 4. Heart rate and blood pressure 5. Blood glucose regulation 6. Reproductive functions 7. Uterine contractions during labor 8. Milk and release post labor Q: How does the endocrine system exert control (2)? Answer 1. Various types of signaling 2. Chemical ligands Q: What are the 3 categories of endocrine signaling? Answer 1. Long distance signaling 2. Local signaling 3. Signaling that overlaps with nervous system components to transport ligands to cells Q: What are the 5 types of signaling? Answer endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, synaptic, neuroendocrine Q: endocrine signaling Answer Form of long-distance signaling where ligands are released and travel through blood to reach a target cell, which could be anywhere is the body. Q: What does endocrine signaling play a role in? Answer Regulatory processes such as maintaining blood pressure, blood volume, and energy metabolism Regulatory mechanisms such as growth, sexual maturation, and reproduction. Q: paracrine signaling Answer Form of local signaling where ligands are released near target tissues and move by diffusion. NOT transported through blood. autocrine signaling Answer Form of local signaling where the cell releasing the ligand is also the target cell of the very same ligand. NOT transported through blood. synaptic signaling Answer Form of local signaling where the ligands are released from a pre-synaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft and will eventually bind to the post-synaptic cell. diffuses across a synapse. Target cells of synaptic signaling Answer Cells comprising Muscle, tissue, or glands neuroendocrine signaling Form of long-distance signaling where ligands are released from a neuron into the bloodstream where they bind to target cells. Hormones chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and act as signaling molecules. What do hormones do? Maintain homeostasis and regulate many physiological responses Main classes of hormones (2) Hydrophilic and hydrophobic hydrophilic hormones Water cellular hormones, cannot cross the cellular membrane and instead bind to an external receptor anchored within the plasma membrane of target cells Ex. Polypeptides and some amine hormone hydrophobic hormones lipid soluble, diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor of the target Ex. Steroid hormones and amines. Require assistance from protein carriers. types of hydrophilic hormones Polypeptides and amine hormones that are derived from amino acids Types of hydrophobic hormones Steroid hormones and amines that are not derived f from amino acids The effect of the target cell depends on the receptor (t/f) True What do hydrophilic ligands bind to? Extracellular receptors (and act through G-protein signal transduction pathways) What do hydrophobic ligands bind to? intracellular receptors of target cell What signaling are local regulators associated with? Autocrine and paracrine Cytokines Peptide local regulator that utilizes Autocrine signaling Released during inflammatory immune responses and can stimulate a greater response from other immune system cells. Prostaglandins Modified fatty acids (lipid-soluble) local regulators Released when body tissue is injured or infectious invaders are identified. Mediate inflammatory processes including blood flow, recruitment of additional immune cells, and blood clotting nitric oxide (NO) Gas local regulator Synthesized when oxygen levels fall- diffuse to smooth muscles to cause dilatation and increase blood flow thus increasing O2. Neurotransmitters Group of complex ligands that can embody a variety of structures (peptides, amino acid derivatives, or amines) What are the two categories of neurotransmitters? Excitatory and inhibitory Excitatory neurotransmitters decrease the electrical threshold (by increasing electrical excitability) of post-synaptic cells. Allows action potentials to propagate quickly. Ex. - epinephrine and oxytocin Inhibitory neurotransmitters increase the electrical threshold (by decreasing the electrical excitability) of the post-synaptic neuron. Makes propagating action potentials more difficult. Ex. GABA and NO All neurotransmitters achieve their effects through local, synaptic signaling (T/f) True Synaptic Cleft small gap that serves as an area of communication between the pre-synaptic cell and the post synaptic cell. Neurohormones hormones that are similar to neurotransmitters How are neurohormones and neurotransmitters different? the way they are transported throughout the body. Neurotransmitters exert local effects within a synapse. Neurohormones are transported throughout the entire body- affect many different tissues and organs. What does the neuroendocrine system consist of? hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and body-wide glands and tissues Where are neurohormones synthesized? hypothalamus or pituitary gland Releasing hormones neurohormones from the hypothalamus that are released to the cells of the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland interprets the signals and release the appropriate neurohormone into the bloodstream. Endocrine glands glands that are ductless structures that secrete hormone products directly into the surrounding extracellular fluid or bloodstream Exocrine glands glands that secrete their products into a duct system rather than directly into bloodstream. Thyroid gland butterfly-shaped organ located in the neck that produces T4, T3 and calcitonin. Parathyroid glands specialized structures located on the thyroid gland that are responsible for secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH), which raises blood calcium levels Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises blood calcium levels. Secreted by parathyroid glands. Adrenal glands a pair of endocrine glands on top of kidneys that secrete hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids). Two types of endocrine tissue in adrenal glands Adrenal medulla- release epinephrine and norepinephrine adrenal cortex- release glucocorticoids Gonads reproductive structures. Testes in males (secrets androgens) and ovaries in females (secretes estrogens) Pineal Gland located deep within the brain between two cerebral hemispheres and secretes melatonin Hypothalmus Structure located on the undersurface of the brain that controls the release or inhibition of pituitary hormones (specifically circulates releasing factors or inhibiting factors) Releasing factors hormones transmitted from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary that promote activity of the pituitary (release of some other hormones) Inhibiting factors hormones transmitted from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary that prevent release of pituitary hormones Pituitary gland pea-sized gland below the hypothalamus that protrudes from a long stalk called the infundibulum What are the two parts of the pituitary gland posterior (neurohypophysis) and anterior (adenohypophysis) Anterior and posterior function dependently of each other (t/f) False - anterior and posterior function independently of each other Posterior pituitary Extension of the hypothalamus that releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hormone synthesized in hypothalamus and transported/released by posterior pituitary gland. Targets tubules of kidneys to increase water reabsorption Oxytocin hormone synthesized in hypothalamus and transported/released by posterior pituitary gland. Targets the uterus to increase contractions during childbirth and mammary tissues to stimulate milk "let down" Anterior pituitary Responsible for releasing hormones that are part of intricate feedback loops Hormones in the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized in the posterior pituitary gland (t/f) False- hormones in the posterior pituitary gland are produced/synthesized in the hypothalamus. Hormones in the anterior pituitary are synthesized in the endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary (t/f) True - hormones of the anterior pituitary are synthesized from endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary gland itself as opposed to hormones of posterior pituitary (synthesized in hypothalamus) Function of pancrease Release insulin and glucagon Insulin hormone that stimulates uptake and use of glucose from blood. Targets most tissue (especially liver cells, adipose cells and skeletal muscles) Glucagon hormone that targets the cells of liver to increase the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose so glucose can be released into bloodstream to be used for energy. Negative feedback loop a regulatory mechanism that results in a decrease in function. Acts as a stop mechanism that is important for maintaining homeostasis. Positive feedback loop feedback loop that reinforces and increases functional output of the initial stimulus. Tropic effects signals from the hypothalamus are redirected to specific endocrine glands, and then the glands release other hormones that target specific cells. Ex. TSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Non-tropic effects a hormone released from the anterior pituitary causes a direct response of the target tissue Ex. growth hormone and prolactin Prolactin hormone that stimulates milk production and prolonged progesterone secretion after ovulation and during early pregnancy Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system a network of blood vessels that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland and controls whether the anterior pituitary will release hormones or not depending on if inhibiting or releasing factors are present. Hypothyroidism When TSH levels are low, characterized by a decrease in the size of the thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism TSH levels are high, characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland Grave's disease an autoimmune disorder that results from an over-secretion of thyroid hormones. Pathophysiology of Grave's disease an antibody produced by the patient's body has a structure similar to TSH that binds to cells of the thyroid gland. This causes the release of large amounts of thyroid hormone that binds to the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus preventing TSH and TRH release. Thyroid hormone continues to flood the bloodstream.