BIOD 102/ BIOS102 Module 2 (2026/2027 Update) | Essential Biology II with Lab | Verified Questions & Answers | 100 out of 100 | Grade A+ | Portage Learning

BIOD 102/ BIOS102 Module 2 (2026/2027 Update) | Essential Biology II with Lab | Verified Questions & Answers | 100 out of 100 | Grade A+ | Portage Learning Q: The evolution of cuticle presented land plants with a challenge that threatened their ability to live on land. Describe this challenge, and explain why stomata represent a solution. Compare and contrast stomata with the pores found in liverworts. Answer Stomata allow CO2 to diffuse and can close to minimize water loss. Liverwort pores allow gas exchange and cannot be closed if conditions become dry. Q: Vessel elements are more efficient at transporting water than tracheids because ____ Answer Vessel elements are wide Q: Which is not a function of ground tissue? A) Photosynthesis B) Sugar storage C) Plant structural support D) Sugar transport Answer D) Sugar transport Q: What two cell types are examples of vascular tissue? Answer Tracheids and sieve-tube elements Q: What is located on the outermost surface of plants? Answer Trichomes Q: What are the roles of xylem and phloem? Answer Transport water and sugar Q: Where, on a plant, are dermal tissues located? Answer On the outside of the plant Q: The current diameter of a tree trunk is 10 inches. The trunk diameter increases at a rate of 2 inches per year. An insect burrows into the trunk and lays its eggs in the secondary xylem, 1 inch out from the center of the tree. How far from the center will the dormant eggs be located in two years? Express your answer as an integer. Answer 1.0 Q: All plants exhibit alternation of generations. This means their life cycle Answer Has both a multicellular haploid stage and a multicellular diploid stage. Q: What makes the bark of a tree? Answer Phloem tissue, cork cambium and cork cells Q: At the end of the first year's secondary growth, immediately inside the secondary phloem is the ____ Answer Vascular cambium Q: Vascular cambium produce ____ cells toward the outside and ___ cells toward the inside Answer Phloem; xylem Q: Which was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants? A) Too much water B) Shortage of Carbon dioxide C) Desiccation D) Animal predation Answer C) Desiccation Q: Which of the following is not an evolutionary adaptation to life on land? A) C3 photosynthesis B) Waxy cuticle C) Root hairs D) Xylem and phloem E) Guard cells Answer A) C3 photosynthesis Q: What do the light independent reactions of photosynthesis produce? Answer G3P Q: The accumulation of free oxygen in Earth's atmosphere began with the origin of ____ Answer Cyanobacteria using photosystem II Q: At what point in photosynthesis is the electromagnetic energy of light first converted into chemical energy? Answer When electrons are transferred from excited pigments to an electron carrier in a photosystem Q: What describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? Answer Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; respiration releases energy from complex organic molecules Q: What structure is correctly paired with its tissue system? Answer Tracheid - vascular tissue Q: What have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant Answer Collenchyma cells Q: Which is not a function of vascular tissue? A) Transports water B) Transports sugars C) Transports amino acids D) Regulates gas exchange Answer D) Regulates gas exchange Q: What cell type is still alive with a functioning nucleus at maturity? Answer Parenchyma Q: Why are seeds made to move away from the parent plant? Answer To get more light and nutrients Q: In terrestrial plants, such as gymnosperms (conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants), which generation is most likely to be the more short lived generation? Answer Gametophytic generation Q: The ___ gametophyte stage produces gametes (eggs and sperm) by ____ Answer Haploid; mitosis Q: Cuticle, stomata, and vascular tissue are all key adaptations enabling land plants to ____ Answer Colonize land Q: What are sclerenchyma? Answer Supporting cells with thick secondary walls Q: The function of sieve-tube elements is to ___ Answer Transport sugars throughout the plant Q: Which of the following is derived from the ground tissue system? A) pith B) Root hair C) Phloem D) Periderm E) Cuticle Answer A) Pith Q: What primary meristem gives rise to the vascular tissue system? Answer Procambium Q: ___ is to xylem as ___ is to phloem Answer Vessel element; sieve tube member Q: What cell type retains the ability to undergo cell division? Answer A parenchyma cell near the root tip Q: What is the correct sequence from the growing tip of a primary root back towards its base? Answer Root cap, apical meristem, zone of cellular division, zone of cellular elongation, zone of cellular maturation Q: Pine life cycle? Answer Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes Q: Close relation of female in plant? Answer Megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule Q: A gametophyte is formed directly from a ____ Answer Spore What is the relationship between the cell wall thickness of parenchyma cells versus sclerenchyma cells? Answer The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of slcerenchyma cells Which of the following is not a type of primary meristematic cell found in apical meristems? A) Ground Meristem B) Protoderm C) Vascular Cambium D) Procambium Answer C) Vascular Cambium What structure determines the direction of root growth by sensing gravity? Answer Root cap T/F: Plant growth involves both the production of new cells by mitosis and the expansion of cell volume Answer True What is vascular cambium? Answer It is a layer of undifferentiated cells that develops into secondary xylem and phloem T/F: Primary growth can occur at both the apical and lateral meristems at the tips of the roots and stems in a plant Answer False, primary growth results in increased length and occurs only at the apical meristems at the tips of the roots and stems in a plant Secondary growth never occurs in _____ Answer Leaves ___ provides cells for secondary growth Vascular cambium Vascular cambium forms wood toward the stem's ____ and secondary phloem toward the stem's ____ Center...surface What is the function of cork? Insulation and waterproofing How is secondary xylem produced? By the differentiation of vascular cambium How is the supply of vascular cambium maintained? By the division of its cells Plants from dry habitats have ____ cuticle and have ___ stomata Thick; relatively few Plants from wet habitats have ____ cuticle and have ____ stomata Thin; relatively large Plants evolved from green algae approximately ___ million years ago 475 The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the ____ Bryophytes T/F: HW 2 (item 7): This life cycle shows alternation of generations, alternating between a multicellular diploid form and single-celled haploid forms False This means that there is more than one multicellular stage in the life cycle of the organism. Two recognizable multicellular life phases: sporophyte and gametophyte - Sporophytes are diploid (2n) - Gametophytes are haploid (n) What is a pollen grain? Male gametophyte What plant is closely related: Has flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant and no seeds. Ferns. Light capturing rxns: ______ --- ______ + _____ H20; O2; NADPH, ATP Calvin Cycle: _____ --- CO2 HW 2 #11 T/F: This model is correct, but Jamal could have been more specific by replacing the "Photosynthesis" label with the "Calvin cycle", since the light capturing reactions are not directly involved in carbon fixation True T/F: Jamal's model is incorrect because he should have started with sunlight False T/F: Jamal could add an arrow to indicate that he can breathe in CO2 directly from the atmosphere to incorporate its carbon into his brain False Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will most directly affect the _____ Synthesis of ATP What process is most directly driven by light energy? Removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules Which process produces oxygen: photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration? Photosynthesis What is the primary product of photosystem I? NADPH What is the biological significance of the light independent reactions of photosynthesis? They convert carbon dioxide to sugar What best describes the relationship between the relationship between the light-independent and the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? The light-independent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by the light independent reactions What molecule is regenerated in the regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle? Without regeneration of this molecule, the Calvin cycle would stop. RuBP What best describes the earliest eukaryotes? The earliest eukaryotes had mitochondria but lacked cell walls What is a benefit derived through endosymbiosis to eukaryotes? Through endosymbiosis, eukaryotes evolved structures that allowed them to produce a high yield of ATP What finding about the structure and function of mitochondria provides the best support for the endosymbiotic origin of this organelle? Mitochondrial gene sequences are more closely related to DNA sequences from bacteria than to eukaryotic gene sequences The symbiotic proteobacterium that took up residence in an early eukaryote had a genome that coded many more proteins than are present in the mitochondrial DNA of living eukaryotes. What happened to the other bacterial genes? Some genes moved from the mitochondrial genome to the nuclear genome What best defines multicellularity? Not all cells in a multicellular organism express the same genes due to specialization In comparing protists, bacteria and archaea, what method of obtaining energy is unique to protists? Ingesting other organisms, such as bacteria, archea and other protists What statement best describes the relationship between alternation of generations, multicellularity, and genetic structure in protists? Protists displaying alternation of generations are multicellular in both haploid and diploid phases of the life cycle What pair of characteristics is uses to define the three categories into which land plants are classified? Whether or not the plants contain vascular tissue, and whether or not they produce seeds What is true about seed plants? Angiosperms have more species diversity than other taxa of land plants What feature of the evolution of land plants is supported by the phylogenetic tree shown in the figure below? The transition of plants from freshwater environments to land occurred only once. Biologists hypothesize that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habitat. What supports this hypothesis? To obtain water, the first land plants had to keep their tissues in direct contact with moist soil. What statement is an accurate description of tracheids. They lack cytoplasm - They provide support to plant structures primarily due to the thickened secondary walls of tracheids which contain extensive deposits of lignin All land plants have a life cycle featuring alternation of generations. What statement is true regarding the similarities or differences in roles played by the following life-cycle stages, all of which are visible to the naked eye and commonly seen in nature: pine trees, leafy ferns, beds of mosses, and a flowering rose bush? Rose bushes, ferns, and pine trees produce spores. The commonly visible stage of mosses releases gametes What adaptation reduced the dependence of seed plants on water for fertilization Pollen grains What statement best supports the hypothesis that flowers of angiosperms are adaptations that increase fertilization success in terrestrial environments? Flowers attract pollinators to increase pollination success What group of seed plants is named for its unique cone-shaped reproductive structure? Conifers Van Niel's experiments with purple sulfur bacteria led to what hypotheses? During plant photosynthesis, the oxygen gas released comes from water During photosynthesis, what reaction occurs? Light energy is used to raise the potential energy of electrons Predict the color of a pigment that absorbs light of green, yellow, and red wavelengths. The pigment will appear blue Why are summer leaves green, even though carotenoids are present? During summer, chlorophyll is more abundant than carotenoids in leaves Chlorophyll consists of a magnesium containing head and a long, hydrophobic tail. Why is the tail region important to the molecule's function? The tail region anchors chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane Why is the chemical reduction of an electron acceptor in the photosynthetic reaction center important to plant function? It allows the energy of absorbed light to be trapped and converted to chemical energy Why is pheophytin an important component of photosystem II? It transforms light energy by acting as the initial electron acceptor Isolated thylakoids were incubated in an acidic solution at pH 4 until the pH was equilibrated across the thylakoid membrane. The thylakoids were then transferred to a buffer at pH 8 with ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP was synthesized. Did this experiment require light to generate the ATP? No, because ATP synthesis depends only on the presence of a hydrogen ion gradient and does not require light directly The primary biochemical outcome of the activity of photosystem I is to _____ reduce NADP+ Electrons excited by the absorption of light in photosystem I are transferred to iron sulfur electron acceptors and therefore must be replaced. The replacement electrons come directly from ____ Plastocyanin Electrons excited by absorption of light in photosystem II are transferred to plastoquionine via pheophytin, and therefore, must be replaced. The replacement electrons come from ____ water What order do electrons go to get to photosystem I? e- -- Ferredoxin -- plastoquionine -- cytochrome complex -- plastocyanin The Calvin cycle uses six ATP molecules to produce one three-carbon sugar (glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate, 3GP) from three molecules of RuBP and three molecules of carbon dioxide. Yet the Calvin cycle actually requires nine ATP molecules to function. Why? Three additional ATP molecules are used to regenerate RuBP Why is it critical for plants to maintain a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the leaves? It helps prevent photorespiration Rubisco differs from PEP carboxylase in that ___ Rubisco can use oxygen gas as a substrate The sequestering of carbon in CAM plants helps them to survive by ___ Allowing carbon dioxide to be gathered and used at different times of the day How do CAM plants differ from C3 plants? CAM plants open their stomata at night, and store carbon dioxide in the form of organic acids The root and shoot systems of plants are dependent on each other. What statement best describes the specific roles tha the shoot and root systems perform? The shoots obtain CO2 from the atmosphere and create macromolecules using energy from sunlight, whereas the roots absorb water as well as minerals such as N,P, and K from the soil What do axillary buds produce on a stem? Branches If you were looking for cells undergoing mitosis in a plant, where would be the best place to look? Meristems What provides an example of phenotypic plasticity? An individual tree growing in a waterlogged environment may have shallow roots, whereas another individual of the same species growing in dry soil may have deep roots What cell type would likely aid in healing an injury to a plant's stem? Parenchyma - They are totipotent and retain the ability to divide and form all the tissues of a mature plant What statement about mature sclerenchyma cells is true? They usually have no cytoplasm. - They support part of the mature stem and other structures after active growth has ceased What is true about collenchyma? They support actively growing parts of the plant Stomata allow for gas exchange between the tissues of a leaf and the atmosphere. One gas that exits the leaf is water vapor. When would a leaf lose the most water? Sunny, windy day Vessel elements are cells found only in angiosperms. What statement best defines the characteristics of vessel elements? Vessel elements are specialized for water transport. They are short, wide cells with openings know as perforations that connect one cell to the next Why is the root apical meristem covered by a thimble shaped cap, whereas the shoot apical meristem is not? Roots need protection as they push through the soil Trees increase in girth by secondary growth. Where are the living cells in a tree trunk? The living cells are found toward the outside of the tree trunk - The vascular and cork cambia and recently produced secondary xylem and phloem are all toward the outside of the trunk The vascular cambium ____ produces cells that differentiate into secondary xylem and phloem What best explains why wood cells produced in the fall are smaller and thicker walled than those produced in the spring? There is more water available in the spring Transpiration is best defined as ___ Water loss from aerial plant parts Which cell layer filters water and solutes moving into or out of the vascular tissue of the roots? Endodermis What is Xylem? It is part of the vascular tissues that conduct water and solutes over long distances within the plant What causes guttation? Positive pressure in the root xylem and a decreased rate of transpiration at night What role does cohesion play in water movement from roots to leaves? Cohension causes the column of water to act as a continuous chain The cohesion tension theory of water movement in the xylem states that, as water evaporates through the stomata, additional water is pulled up in xylem vessel elements or tracheids due to water's cohesive nature. The resulting tension in the xylem ____ pulls water up from the roots Scientists subjected a corn plant to different light intensities while measuring the xylem pressure in the leaves. They found that the brighter the light, the more negative the pressure potential in the xylem. What is the best interpretation of these results? The increased light intensity increased the rate of transpiration, which increased the tension within the xylem Transport of water through the xylem is ____ passive, requiring no energy expenditure by the plant Plants that live in dry environments have several structural features that allow them to conserve water. What set of characteristics best describes plants that live in a dry environment Thick cuticle; sunken stomata surrounded by epidermal hairs What best describes the movements of sugars through the phloem? From mature leaves to roots and seeds Food made at a source is translocated to nearby sinks that are often on the same side of the plant. Why does this happen? Vascular tissue in the leaf and stem is organized into discrete bundles that run the length of the organ. - The phloem (sieve-tube elements) don't have recognition compounds Do aquatic plants still need a vascular system? Yes, they need it to move sugars. Based on the pressure flow hypothesis, what conditions would increase the rate of translocation within the phloem? An increase in sucrose production at the source Loading sucrose into the phloem at a source requires the plant to expend energy. How is sucrose loaded into the phloem against its concentration gradient? Protons are pumped out of the cell through proteins. They diffuse back into the cell through cotransporters, which allow sucrose through at the same time. Why does phloem unload passively in young leaves but actively in roots of a sugar beet plant? Young leaves immediately use unloaded sucrose, creating a concentration gradient. Sucrose builds up in storage cells of sugar beet roots. Viruses are not considered to be alive because They don't have all of the properties of life How do fungi obtain their energy and carbon? a. they are chemoheterotrophs b. they are chemoautotrophs c. they are photoautotrophs d. they are photoheterotrophs they are chemoheterotrophs Which of the following is NOT one of the basic shapes of bacteria? a. cocci b. bacilli c. spiral d. tetrahedral Tetrahedral All protists are a. unicellular b. multicellular c. prokaryotic d. eukaryotic Eukaryotic Which of the following is a component of bacterial cell walls? a. cellulose b. peptidoglycan c. mucin d. chitin peptidoglycan Much of the diversity of protists is a result of the variety of plastids they contain. These plastids are a result of: a. primary endosymbiosis b. secondary endosymbiosys c. primary exosymiosis d. secondary exosymbiosis secondary symbiosis Which of the following is NOT a major role that fungi play in the environment? a. photosynthetic producers b. decomposers c. mutualistic providers of water and nutrients d. pathogenic parasites photosynthetic producers Which of the following can act as genetic material for viruses? a. double or single stranded DNA only b. double or single stranded RNA only c. plasmids and proteins d. DS and SS RNA and DNA DS and SS RNA and DNA Which of the following is NOT correct about fungi? a. can be multicellular b. unicellular c. all eukaryotic d. all prokaryotic they are all prokaryotic To which of the four protist supergroups are humans most closely related? a. excavates b. unikont c. archeplastida d. sar Uniknot Gram negative bacterium have thick layers of peptidoglycan and are therefore susceptible to antibiotics like penicillin. false The simplest viruses have: a. nucleic acid, capsid, and envelope b. nucleic acid and recognition spikes c. nucleic acid, envelope, and recogntion d. nucleic acid and a capsid a nucleic acid and a capsid What feature of some bacteria allows them to survive up to hundreds of years in inhospitable environments? a. fimbriae b. glycocalyx c. endospore d. capsule endospore To which of the four protists supergroups are plants most closely related? a. archeplastida b. excavates c. sar d. unikonts archeplatida The cell wall of fungi is composed of: a. cellulose b. chitin c. peptidoglycan d. lipopolysaccharide chitin Place the steps of viral replication in the correct order 1. entry and uncoating 2. replication of viral genome 3. transcription and translation of viral capsid proteins 4. self assembly of viral particles 5. exit from host cell What type of bacteria phage lifecycle results in the degradation of the host cell, releasing viral particles? a. destructive cycle b. lytic cycle c. integrative cycle d. lysogenic cycle lytic cycle The movement of a bacterium towards sucrose, a food source, is a type of: a. aerotaxis b. magnetotaxis c. phototaxis d. chemotaxis chemotaxis Members of this protist supergroup are know for having an excavated feeding groove, modified mitochondria, and are flagellated: a. excavates b. unikont c. sar d. archeplastida excavates the underground portion of a multicellular fungi is called: a. a mushroom b. the roots c. the yeast d. the mycelium the mycelium What type of fungi have a symbiotic relationship with plant roots in which the fungi penetrates the plant cell wall? a. smut on corn b. ergot on rye c. ectomycorrhizal fungi d. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi A prophage is associated with what type of virus? a. a virus that infects humans b. a virus that infects bacteria c. a virus that infects plants d. a virus that infects protists a virus that infects bacteria Which group within the SAR supergroup have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth" flagellum a. stramenopiles b. rhizarians c. alveolates d. unikonts stramenopiles Flagella, or a flagellum, move like a dog's tail, whipping back and forth to propel the bacterium. false (they turn like a boat propeller rather than whip back and forth) What type of virus causes AIDS in humans? a. double stranded dna virus b. single stranded dna virus c. double stranded rna virus d. single stranded rna virus a single stranded RNA virus Since bacteria do not have membrane bound organelles, they are unable to perform biochemical functions like aerobic respiration and photosynthesis that normally occur in the mitochondria and chloroplasts or eukaryotic cells respectively. T or F. false Which member of the group stramenopiles is known for being photosynthetic and having a two part, glass-like wall of silicon dioxide? a. golden algae b. brown algae c. diatoms d. green algae diatoms In the generalized life cycle of a fungi, fungal cells spend most of the time as: a. diploid cells b. spores c. a zygote d. haploid cells haploid cells Which of the stramenopiles in the supergroup SAR is almost plant like and has a holdfast, stipe, and blades even though it lacks true tissues? a. diatoms b. green algae c. brown algae d. golden algae Brown algae What type of reproduction do single celled fungi (yeasts) undergo? a. budding b. meiosis c. mitosis d. binary fission budding Bacteria and archaea reproduce by: a. budding b. binary fission c. mitosis d. meiosis binary fission What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses? a. translates viral RNA into proteins b. uses viral RNA as a template for making complementary RNA strands c. viral rna as a template for dna synthesis d. converts host cell rna into viral dna it uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis What is the best way to prevent acquiring a viral disease? get a vaccine if one is available A good example of an archaean is: a. methanogen b. extreme thermophile c. extreme halophile d. all of these all of these Which of the following organisms causes malaria? a. paramecium b. plasmodium c. euglena d. giardia plasmodium How do multicellular fungi reproduce? a. by sexually producing spores b. by asexually producing spores c. by producing spores either sexually or asexually d. by creating seeds by producing spores either sexually or asexually The recent cases of measles in Washington state and Oregon would best be described as: an outbreak How are bacteria used by humans in a beneficial way? a. breaking down waste products in a sewage treatment plant ing up oil spills c. mass producing products like insulin d. all of these all of these Which member of the SAR supergroup include apicomplexans, parasites that have a life stage with an apex, an area that contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues? a. stramenopiles b. alveolates c. rhizarians d. unikonts alveolates A lichen is a complex association of a fungi with: a. a plant b. a cyanobacteria or an algae c. an algae d. a cyanobacteria a cyanobacteria or an algae The most common types of human fungal infections are caused by this group of fungal pathogens a. basidiocarps b. chytrids c. ascomycetes d. zygomycetes ascomycetes