CNUR 107 - Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5 & 9
Exam Questions And Well Detailed
Answers
Describe the three levels of disease prevention, and for each level give atleast two examples of health-
promoting strategies. - Correct Answers Primary prevention: promoting health and preventing illness by
assisting individuals/families and communities to prevent known health problems, protect existing
states of health, and promote psychosocial wellness (e.g., sanitation, immunization)
Secondary prevention: early detection of disease, before symptoms emerging (e.g., Papanicolaou [Pap]
test, screening mammography)
Tertiary prevention: the prevention of complications when a condition or disease is present or has
progressed (e.g., diabetic foot care; lifestyle changes, such as increasing exercise and weight loss for
people with hypertension)
Briefly discuss what is meant by an "upstream approach" to healthcare, contrast this to a "downstream
approach" and give examples of each. - Correct Answers Upstream: refers to addressing the root causes
of poor health.
Downstream: refers to addressing the symptoms of ill health.
For example, the upstream approach to iron-deficiency anemia may be to advocate for better access to
nutritional food choices for women experiencing food insecurity to prevent anemia, whereas the
downstream approach might be to give iron supplements to treat iron-deficiency anemia.
Describe the main principles of cultural safety. - Correct Answers1. what biases, assumptions, or
stereotypes are influencing my verbal and nonverbal behaviours and decisions?
2. what am I paying attention to, and how is that causing me to overlook certain things?
3. how does the work environment contribute to or challenge the formation of these stereotypes and
assumptions
, Describe four current trends in the demographic profile of Canada - Correct Answers(1) Canada's
population is increasing primarily as a result of international migration.
(2) Canadians live primarily in urban areas.
(3) Canada's population is aging because of low fertility and increasing life expectancy.
(4) Ethnocultural/linguistic/social diversity is increasing.
Describe 5 principles of culturally competent care - Correct Answers1. resist the practice of "othering"
2. everyone has a unique cultural identity
3. there is much diversity within cultures as across them
4. there is a difference between self-identity and being identified
5. beware the dangers of stereotyping
Describe the inequities in health status experienced by many Indigenous peoples in Canada - Correct
AnswersHistorical and current social and political policies in Canada have resulted in profound social
disruption within many Indigenous communities, contributing to lack of employment opportunities,
limited access to educational programs, inadequate and often crowded housing, and high levels of
poverty. As a result, the health of Indigenous peoples lags behind that of the overall Canadian
population; for example, life expectancy is shorter and infant mortality rates are higher among
Indigenous Canadians. These health and social status indicators cannot be understood outside of their
social, historical, and economic contexts or viewed as "cultural" problems.
Describe the changing trends in patterns of immigration to Canada over the past four decades. - Correct
AnswersIn the past, European nations, such as the United Kingdom, Italy, and Germany, in addition to
the United States, were the primary sources of immigrants to Canada. In 2011, immigrants from Asia
and the Middle East made up the largest proportion of newcomers to Canada, followed by people
emigrating from Europe, Africa, Central and South America, and the Caribbean.
Describe three factors that contribute to the pattern of declining health status that is prevalent to non-
European immigration to Canada. - Correct Answers(1) Some health problems are linked to the stress of
immigration itself, which involves finding suitable employment and establishing a new social support
network.
(2) The likelihood of deterioration of health is also related to socioeconomic status, specifically low
education and low household income.
Exam Questions And Well Detailed
Answers
Describe the three levels of disease prevention, and for each level give atleast two examples of health-
promoting strategies. - Correct Answers Primary prevention: promoting health and preventing illness by
assisting individuals/families and communities to prevent known health problems, protect existing
states of health, and promote psychosocial wellness (e.g., sanitation, immunization)
Secondary prevention: early detection of disease, before symptoms emerging (e.g., Papanicolaou [Pap]
test, screening mammography)
Tertiary prevention: the prevention of complications when a condition or disease is present or has
progressed (e.g., diabetic foot care; lifestyle changes, such as increasing exercise and weight loss for
people with hypertension)
Briefly discuss what is meant by an "upstream approach" to healthcare, contrast this to a "downstream
approach" and give examples of each. - Correct Answers Upstream: refers to addressing the root causes
of poor health.
Downstream: refers to addressing the symptoms of ill health.
For example, the upstream approach to iron-deficiency anemia may be to advocate for better access to
nutritional food choices for women experiencing food insecurity to prevent anemia, whereas the
downstream approach might be to give iron supplements to treat iron-deficiency anemia.
Describe the main principles of cultural safety. - Correct Answers1. what biases, assumptions, or
stereotypes are influencing my verbal and nonverbal behaviours and decisions?
2. what am I paying attention to, and how is that causing me to overlook certain things?
3. how does the work environment contribute to or challenge the formation of these stereotypes and
assumptions
, Describe four current trends in the demographic profile of Canada - Correct Answers(1) Canada's
population is increasing primarily as a result of international migration.
(2) Canadians live primarily in urban areas.
(3) Canada's population is aging because of low fertility and increasing life expectancy.
(4) Ethnocultural/linguistic/social diversity is increasing.
Describe 5 principles of culturally competent care - Correct Answers1. resist the practice of "othering"
2. everyone has a unique cultural identity
3. there is much diversity within cultures as across them
4. there is a difference between self-identity and being identified
5. beware the dangers of stereotyping
Describe the inequities in health status experienced by many Indigenous peoples in Canada - Correct
AnswersHistorical and current social and political policies in Canada have resulted in profound social
disruption within many Indigenous communities, contributing to lack of employment opportunities,
limited access to educational programs, inadequate and often crowded housing, and high levels of
poverty. As a result, the health of Indigenous peoples lags behind that of the overall Canadian
population; for example, life expectancy is shorter and infant mortality rates are higher among
Indigenous Canadians. These health and social status indicators cannot be understood outside of their
social, historical, and economic contexts or viewed as "cultural" problems.
Describe the changing trends in patterns of immigration to Canada over the past four decades. - Correct
AnswersIn the past, European nations, such as the United Kingdom, Italy, and Germany, in addition to
the United States, were the primary sources of immigrants to Canada. In 2011, immigrants from Asia
and the Middle East made up the largest proportion of newcomers to Canada, followed by people
emigrating from Europe, Africa, Central and South America, and the Caribbean.
Describe three factors that contribute to the pattern of declining health status that is prevalent to non-
European immigration to Canada. - Correct Answers(1) Some health problems are linked to the stress of
immigration itself, which involves finding suitable employment and establishing a new social support
network.
(2) The likelihood of deterioration of health is also related to socioeconomic status, specifically low
education and low household income.
