BROOKS BIODIVERSITY UNIT 3 ADVANCED
PREP PACK 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
◉Exchange & Transport. Answer: i. Plants obtain gases, nutrients,
minerals, & water via internal fluids
ii. Gas exchange begins with the stomata; roots, lenticils
iii. Internal transport = xylem & phloem
◉Fluid movement in xylem. Answer: Adhesion: Attraction of 2 of
different things; water molecules bind to cell wall
This makes sure that the water doesn't go back down (capillary
action)
Cohesion: Attraction of two of the same things sticking together;
water molecules bind to one another via hydrogen bonding which
pulls water molecules upward through xylem, like beads on a string
Evaporation: as water evaporates, it pulls on other water molecules
that haven't been evaporated yet
,Osmosis: Occurs in roots (root pressure)
Low solute concentration to high solute concentration
Capillary Action: allows water to go up, just a little bit
◉Transpiration Pull aka Cohesion/Adhesion Tension. Answer: The
main motive force for transporting water up to the top of a plant
(sometimes several hundred feet)
As water evaporates from the leaf's surface the cohesive-adhesive
properties of water pull water molecules from below establishing a
water tension and pressure
◉Drawbacks w/ Transpiration Pull. Answer: It requires significant
water loss from the plant.
In dry conditions or arid environments, this water loss for vertical
transport can be critical in plants
Therefore, a replenishing water supply is vital for the roots
Water loss in the tropics doesn't matter cause its always raining
there.
Water evaporation = shade
◉Fluid movement in Phloem. Answer: Mass Flow: An active
transport mechanism
,Source vs. Sink:
Source: Sugars produced by the leaves
Sink: Sugars produced by the rest of the plant. Gravity can assist in
this downward movement, however getting the sugars into the cells
of the Phloem requires energy
◉Kingdom Animalia. Answer: 1. Multicellular
2. Heterotrophs
3. Lack Cell Walls
◉Two Major Groups of Kingdom Animalia. Answer: 1. Invertebrates
(no backbone) about 15-30 million
2. Vertebrates (chordates with backbones and spinal columns) about
50,000. 30,000 of the 50,000 are fishes
There are animal species that haven't been described yet. 3 million
have been described.
◉Phylum Cortada. Answer: vertebrates, fish, amphibians, mammals,
birds, reptiles
◉Metazoa. Answer: transition from an animal-like protists to
multicellular (choanoflagellate)
Advantages:
1. Large Size
, 2. Increased Mobility
3. Stable Internal Environment (Homeostasis)
4. Relative independence from environment
◉Radial Symmetry. Answer: Diploblastic
Can be cut in half anywhere along a central axis
No head
Little movement
◉Bilateral Symmetry. Answer: Triploblastic
Can be divided down a central line but cannot be cut anywhere
Cephalization: concentration of sensory structures in the head
(ex) orchids, humans
◉Asymmetry. Answer: No symmetry
Sponges
◉Ontogeny. Answer: = development
"Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"
Significant similarities among true appearance of vertebrate
embryos due to evolution.
PREP PACK 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
◉Exchange & Transport. Answer: i. Plants obtain gases, nutrients,
minerals, & water via internal fluids
ii. Gas exchange begins with the stomata; roots, lenticils
iii. Internal transport = xylem & phloem
◉Fluid movement in xylem. Answer: Adhesion: Attraction of 2 of
different things; water molecules bind to cell wall
This makes sure that the water doesn't go back down (capillary
action)
Cohesion: Attraction of two of the same things sticking together;
water molecules bind to one another via hydrogen bonding which
pulls water molecules upward through xylem, like beads on a string
Evaporation: as water evaporates, it pulls on other water molecules
that haven't been evaporated yet
,Osmosis: Occurs in roots (root pressure)
Low solute concentration to high solute concentration
Capillary Action: allows water to go up, just a little bit
◉Transpiration Pull aka Cohesion/Adhesion Tension. Answer: The
main motive force for transporting water up to the top of a plant
(sometimes several hundred feet)
As water evaporates from the leaf's surface the cohesive-adhesive
properties of water pull water molecules from below establishing a
water tension and pressure
◉Drawbacks w/ Transpiration Pull. Answer: It requires significant
water loss from the plant.
In dry conditions or arid environments, this water loss for vertical
transport can be critical in plants
Therefore, a replenishing water supply is vital for the roots
Water loss in the tropics doesn't matter cause its always raining
there.
Water evaporation = shade
◉Fluid movement in Phloem. Answer: Mass Flow: An active
transport mechanism
,Source vs. Sink:
Source: Sugars produced by the leaves
Sink: Sugars produced by the rest of the plant. Gravity can assist in
this downward movement, however getting the sugars into the cells
of the Phloem requires energy
◉Kingdom Animalia. Answer: 1. Multicellular
2. Heterotrophs
3. Lack Cell Walls
◉Two Major Groups of Kingdom Animalia. Answer: 1. Invertebrates
(no backbone) about 15-30 million
2. Vertebrates (chordates with backbones and spinal columns) about
50,000. 30,000 of the 50,000 are fishes
There are animal species that haven't been described yet. 3 million
have been described.
◉Phylum Cortada. Answer: vertebrates, fish, amphibians, mammals,
birds, reptiles
◉Metazoa. Answer: transition from an animal-like protists to
multicellular (choanoflagellate)
Advantages:
1. Large Size
, 2. Increased Mobility
3. Stable Internal Environment (Homeostasis)
4. Relative independence from environment
◉Radial Symmetry. Answer: Diploblastic
Can be cut in half anywhere along a central axis
No head
Little movement
◉Bilateral Symmetry. Answer: Triploblastic
Can be divided down a central line but cannot be cut anywhere
Cephalization: concentration of sensory structures in the head
(ex) orchids, humans
◉Asymmetry. Answer: No symmetry
Sponges
◉Ontogeny. Answer: = development
"Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"
Significant similarities among true appearance of vertebrate
embryos due to evolution.
