BIOL2161 Midterm Dalfrey Exam With
Complete Solutions
Identify the ultimate objective of physiological research. - ANSWER to
understand the normal functioning of cells, organs, and systems
Define what is meant by "research" in science (explain controlled research
using the scientific method) - ANSWER Careful consideration of study regarding
a particular concern or problem using the scientific method
Identify the steps of the scientific method - ANSWER 1) state a question or
problem
2) form a hypothesis
3) design and conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis
4) measure the results
5) analyze the results to see if the hypothesis is correct
Differentiate between the variables of the scientific method (independent vs.
dependent variables, control vs. constant) - ANSWER Independent variables:
the ones the experimenter controls or manipulates to test their affects
Dependent variables: the ones that change or respond to the independent
variable
Control: values that could change what are intentionally kept constant to clearly
show relationship between independent and dependent variables
Constant: values that do not change during an experiment
Define/differentiate between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis -
ANSWER They are both statements that relate to a research problem and can be
tested by data analysis
A null hypothesis: assumes that there is no effect or difference between
variables or groups of interest. It is often the default or conservative position
Alternative hypothesis: proposes that there is an affect or difference, and it is
often what the research wants to prove or support with evidence
Graphing Independent and Dependent Variables - ANSWER Independent
variables tend to be on the X axis and dependent variables tend to be on the Y
axis
Describe a double-blind study and it's advantages - ANSWER A double blind
study is an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the subject is
aware of which group is receiving a placebo and which group is receiving
, treatment. The advantages of this gives honest and true data b/c experimental
bias will not be a factor
Define an allele - ANSWER An alternative form of a gene. One of the forms that
can exist on a specific locus (location) on a chromosome.
Differentiate between dominant and recessive alleles - ANSWER a dominant
gene is always expressed over a recessive gene. recessive genes are only
expressed if the individual is homozygous for that gene.
Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous - ANSWER homozygous:
identical alleles
heterozygous: different alleles
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype - ANSWER Genotype is genetic
makeup of an organism, while phenotype is the observable characteristics and
traits (the expression of the genotype).
Recognize sex-linking genes including examples - ANSWER color blindness and
hemophilia
Explain which gender would show higher prevalence of an X-linking recessive
disorder - ANSWER Males, b/c woman have two copies of the X chromosome
while men only have one X chromosome
Determine incomplete dominance vs. codominant - ANSWER Incomplete = a
blend of both traits together -neither allele is dominant over the over-
Codominance = both traits are expressed
-alleles are dominant together-
Apply a test cross to determine parental genotype based on given phenotype -
ANSWER used to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant
phenotype
Analyze pedegree as a basis of a test cross to determine unknown genotype of
family members - ANSWER Chart showing one trait being carried over many
generations
Define diffusion - ANSWER movement of molecules from high concentration to
low concentration
Define and explain semipermeable membrane - ANSWER A membrane that
allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to
pass through.
Complete Solutions
Identify the ultimate objective of physiological research. - ANSWER to
understand the normal functioning of cells, organs, and systems
Define what is meant by "research" in science (explain controlled research
using the scientific method) - ANSWER Careful consideration of study regarding
a particular concern or problem using the scientific method
Identify the steps of the scientific method - ANSWER 1) state a question or
problem
2) form a hypothesis
3) design and conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis
4) measure the results
5) analyze the results to see if the hypothesis is correct
Differentiate between the variables of the scientific method (independent vs.
dependent variables, control vs. constant) - ANSWER Independent variables:
the ones the experimenter controls or manipulates to test their affects
Dependent variables: the ones that change or respond to the independent
variable
Control: values that could change what are intentionally kept constant to clearly
show relationship between independent and dependent variables
Constant: values that do not change during an experiment
Define/differentiate between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis -
ANSWER They are both statements that relate to a research problem and can be
tested by data analysis
A null hypothesis: assumes that there is no effect or difference between
variables or groups of interest. It is often the default or conservative position
Alternative hypothesis: proposes that there is an affect or difference, and it is
often what the research wants to prove or support with evidence
Graphing Independent and Dependent Variables - ANSWER Independent
variables tend to be on the X axis and dependent variables tend to be on the Y
axis
Describe a double-blind study and it's advantages - ANSWER A double blind
study is an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the subject is
aware of which group is receiving a placebo and which group is receiving
, treatment. The advantages of this gives honest and true data b/c experimental
bias will not be a factor
Define an allele - ANSWER An alternative form of a gene. One of the forms that
can exist on a specific locus (location) on a chromosome.
Differentiate between dominant and recessive alleles - ANSWER a dominant
gene is always expressed over a recessive gene. recessive genes are only
expressed if the individual is homozygous for that gene.
Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous - ANSWER homozygous:
identical alleles
heterozygous: different alleles
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype - ANSWER Genotype is genetic
makeup of an organism, while phenotype is the observable characteristics and
traits (the expression of the genotype).
Recognize sex-linking genes including examples - ANSWER color blindness and
hemophilia
Explain which gender would show higher prevalence of an X-linking recessive
disorder - ANSWER Males, b/c woman have two copies of the X chromosome
while men only have one X chromosome
Determine incomplete dominance vs. codominant - ANSWER Incomplete = a
blend of both traits together -neither allele is dominant over the over-
Codominance = both traits are expressed
-alleles are dominant together-
Apply a test cross to determine parental genotype based on given phenotype -
ANSWER used to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant
phenotype
Analyze pedegree as a basis of a test cross to determine unknown genotype of
family members - ANSWER Chart showing one trait being carried over many
generations
Define diffusion - ANSWER movement of molecules from high concentration to
low concentration
Define and explain semipermeable membrane - ANSWER A membrane that
allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to
pass through.
