NR 442/ NR442 Community Health Nursing Exam 1 (2026–2027 Updated) | Full Questions & Answers | Accurate Verified Solutions | A Grade Guaranteed – Chamberlain

…..DLDD NR 442/ NR442 Community Health Nursing Exam 1 (2026–2027 Updated) | Full Questions & Answers | Accurate Verified Solutions | A Grade Guaranteed – Chamberlain Q. What is an aggregate? ANSWERS - A community compose of people who have common characteristics Q. What are some examples of aggregates? ANSWERS - Senior citizens - Ethnic backgrounds - Religious organizations Q. What does a community of solution mean? ANSWERS - Common problems that unite individuals Q. What must a community have in order to qualify as a community? ANSWERS - Location - Space in time - Social system Q. What does a Geographic community encompass? ANSWERS - Less formalized areas that lack official geopolitical boundaries Q. What are aspects of a health community? ANSWERS - Physical environments - Education - Safety/ transportation - Political government - Health and Social services - Communications - Economics - Recreation Q. What does the Healthy Cities and Healthy places model urge? ANSWERS - Positive health changes Q. What does the Healthy Cities and Healthy places model stress? ANSWERS - interconnectedness between people, the public, and private sectors Q. What is the windshield survey utilized for? ANSWERS - To make organized observations of the area and it people Q. How might a windshield survey be performed? ANSWERS - Via Driving or Walking to gain an understanding of the environmental layout Q. What does the Windshield survey locate? - Environmental layout - Geographic features - Services - Businesses - Industries Q. What are the stages in disease history? ANSWERS - Hunting and Gathering - Settled villages - Preindustrial cities - Industrial cities - Present stage Q. What is the definition of an Endemic? ANSWERS - Diseases that are always present within the population Q. What is an example of an Endemic disease? ANSWERS - Cold - Pneumonia Q. What is the definition of an Epidemic? ANSWERS - Diseases that are not always in a population but flare up on occasion Q. What is an example of an Epidemic? ANSWERS - Diphtheria - Measles Q. What is the definition of a pandemic? ANSWERS - The existence of disease in a large proportion of the population Q. What are some types of pandemics? ANSWERS - Global pandemic Q. What are some examples of pandemics? ANSWERS - HIV - AIDS - Influenza type A Q. What is Health Visiting? ANSWERS - Visiting homes to provide information to improve health Q. What does Upstream Thinking actions focus on? Modification of the following precursors of poor health throughout the world: ANSWERS - economic - Political - Environmental Q. What does the census tract do? ANSWERS - It subdivides larger communities Q. What does the Census Tract facilitate? ANSWERS - the organization of resident information in specific community geographic locales. Q. What senses does a nurse utilize in the windshield survey? ANSWERS - Sight - Sense - Sound What does a metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) consist of? - central city with more than 50,000 people including the associated suburban or adjacent counties that yields a total Metropolitan area with more than 100,000 people What forms the basis of data of the VITAL Statistics? - Births - Deaths - Marriages - Divorces - Adoptions What does the Community Assessment Parameter Geography influence? - Nature of the health problems and access to health care Why is the Community Assessment Parameter Population important? - Describes the population served and suggests their health risks and needs - Suggests growth or decline - increases stress, may increase exposure to a communicable disease Why is the Community Assessment Parameter Environment important? - It impacts the quality of life and the nature of the environmental health problems - Reflects community resources - Suggests socioeconomic issues Why is the Community Assessment Parameter Industry important? - Impacts the social class, access to health care, and resources - Influences nature of health problems Why is the Community Assessment Parameter Education important? Influences the following: - socioeconomic status - access to health care - ability to read and understand health information Why is the Community Assessment Parameter Recreation important? Reflects the following: - Quality of Life - Resources available to community - Concern for young and disadvantaged Why is the Community Assessment Parameter Religion important? Influences the following: - Values in the community by organizing common interests and concerns Reflects on the following: - involvement of members - Community skills - and resources the community needs Why is the Community Assessment Parameter Communication important? - Reflects concerns and needs of the community - Contains networks and resources available for health-related use Why is the Community Assessment Parameter Transportation important? - Affects access to services, food, and other resources - Reflects resources available to the community How many components are there regarding a community diagnosis? - there are four parts What are the four parts of the community diagnosis? - Identification of the health problem or risk - The Affected aggregate or community - The Etiological or causal statement - Evidence supporting the diagnosis What is the template for writing a community diagnosis? - "Increased risk of (insert disability, disease, etc) among (Insert community or population) related to (insert etiological statement) as demonstrated in (insert health indicators)." What might health planning consist of on a community level? - Population disease prevention - Environmental hazard control What is the goal of the Health Planning Model? - aimed to improve aggregate health and applies the nursing process to the larger aggregate within the system framework What is the definition of a key informant? - formal or informal leader in the community who provides data that are informed by his or her personal knowledge and experience within the community Who report vital stats? - Local and State agencies What does the National Center for Health Stats (NCHS) do? - Analyze the demographic information providing descriptive information regarding the population What is the definition of Community/ Public health nursing? - The synthesis of nursing practice/ public health practice What does a Community/ public health nurse focus on? - health promotion - health maintenance What does a Community/ public health nurse's major goal? - Preserve the health of the community/ surrounding populations What does a Community/ public health nurse associated with? - health/ identification of populations at risk rather than episodic response to patient demand What is Public health described as? Described as the art and science of: - Preventing disease - Prolonging life - Promoting health through organized community efforts to benefit each citizen how does public health promote health? - through organized community efforts to benefit each citizen Why is community health important? - Because it is cost effective. What does Community health decrease the risk of? - Nosocomial infections via allowing individual patients to stay within their own home How does community health impact patient satisfaction? - in causes an increase in patient satisfaction What is the Public health mission? - Social justice via entitling all people to basic necessities What are some examples of basic necessities that public health strives to achieve for everyone? - adequate income - adequate health protection - accepts collective burdens to make this all possible What is the definition of a community? - A collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics form a basis for a sense of unity and belonging What does a community consist of? - Common values - Common morals - Common interests What is an example of a community of solution? - Alcoholics anonymous groups - Drug addiction groups What are some influences on health in a community? - Living arrangements - Work/ School environments - Environments - Societal/ Environmental changes - Lifestyle changes - Genetics What are the three levels of prevention? - Primary - Secondary - Tertiary What is the overall goal of Primary prevention? - The prevention of problems before they occur - Health promotion/ Health protection What are some examples of Primary Prevention? - Vaccinations What is the overall goal of Secondary prevention? - Early Detection/ intervention - Early diagnosis AND TREATMENT What are some screening examples that qualify as Secondary Prevention? - Mammogram - PSA tests - Scoliosis tests - Hearing screening What are some early treatments that qualify as Secondary Prevention? - Biopsy - Lumpectomy - Early chemotherapy agents What is the goals of tertiary prevention? - Correction and prevention of deterioration of a disease rate - limitations of disability nd rehabilitation Which level of prevention is the most expensive? - Tertiary prevention What qualities as primary prevention on a community level? - Adding Fluoride water supplements - Environmental sanitation - Removal of environmental waste How does cures impact the community? - Does little to improve the health of the entire population How does prevention impact the community? - improves health - decreases money needed for a cure - Causes a decrease in illness/ cost What is the overall goal of Affordable Care Act (ACA)? - Reduced premium costs for millions for working families and small businesses by providing tax relief - Capped out-of-pocket expenses What is the primary nurses role in community health nursing? - Advocacy! How did the ACA impact preventive care? - it made it so that individuals did not have to pay for preventive care What is population-focused nursing based on? - the assessment of the population's health status and emphasizes all levels of prevention What does Health Disparity mean? - A particular type of health difference that is closely linked to one of the following: Social, Economical, and/or Environmental disadvantages What are three aspects that qualify as a Health Disparity disadvantage? - Social - Economic - Environmental What is the key factor pertaining to health care reform efforts? - Lack of health insurance How does A Lack of Health insurance impact the population? - It damages the populations health Why does a Lack of Health insurance cause damage to the populations health? - Uninsured individuals are less likely to receive timely primary health care and preventive dental care What is a Phenomenological community? - Man-made boundaries including cities, states, and nations What are the two types of communities? - Geopolitical - Phenomenological What does ANA stand for? - American Nurses Association What does the ANA promote? - Safe/ Ethical Work environments - High standards of nursing practice What does the ANA Advocate for? - Health care issues that affect nurses and the public What is the definition of an outbreak? - An unexpected occurrence of an infectious disease in a limited geographic area during a limited period of time When did Florence Nightingale do most of her work? - During the Crimean What is Florence Nightingale credited with establishing? - Modern Nursing What emphasis did Florence Nightingale emphasize? - Sanitation - Community Assessment/ Analysis What did Florence Nightingale believe about education? - Believed in an education reform for nursing What did Lillian Wald establish? - House on Henry Street in 1893 Who assisted Lillian Wald in establishing the House on Henry street? - Mary Brewster What did Lillian Wald play a key role in establishing? - Public Health Nursing in the United States What was the Role of the House on Henry Street Settlement? - One of helping people to help themselves What did Lillian Wald's efforts aid in establishing later? - Social Security Legislation - The Children's Bureau What is Linda Rogers credited for? - Becoming the first School Nurse Who Founded the American Red Cross? - Clara Barton What is Sojourner Truth known for? - Fighting for Women and African Americans Equality What is Margaret Sanger known for? - The Creation of Planned Parenthood What events occurred in the 1913 that qualifies as great healthcare accomplishments in the 20th century? - Fist Bureau of Public Health Nursing formed in LA - First Public Health Nurse appointed What was the role of school nurses in the 1913s? - Performing physical assessments - Treatment of minor infections - Taught health to Parents/ Students When was Home Nursing implemented? - 1909 What events occurred in the 1910 that qualifies as great healthcare accomplishments in the 20th century? - Department of Nursing and Health Formed Where was the Department of Nursing and Health formed at? - Teachers College of Columbia University (NYC) What events occurred in the 1912 that qualifies as great healthcare accomplishments in the 20th century? - Lillian Wald elected as first president of the National Organization for Public Health Nursing What other accomplishments occurred during the 20th century in america? - Vaccinations - Motor-Vehicle Safety - Control of infectious diseases - Safer/ Healthier foods - Healthier Babies and Mommies - Family planning - Fluoridation of drinking water - Recognition of Tobacco used as a health hazard What declined as a result of public health accomplishments in the 20th century? - Deaths from Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - Death from Strokes What is the definition of Downstream thinking? - Interventions and Strategies focused on providing equitable access to care and services to mitigate the negative impacts of disadvantages on health What does HBM stand for? - Health Belief Model What does the Health Belief Model provide? - A basis for much of the practice of health education and promotion today What are the constructs of the Health Belief Model? - Perceived seriousness - Perceived susceptibility - Perceived benefits of treatment - Perceived barriers to treatment - Cues to action - Self-efficiency How does the Health Belief Model differ from Pender's Health Promotion model? - The Health Promotion model explores the myriad biopsychological factors that influences individuals to pursue health promotion activities What does HPM stand for? - Health Promotion Model What did Nancy Miliou develop? - The Milio framework What is the purpose of the Milio Framework? - Provides the framework for prevention What does the Milio Framework concept include? - Community oriented population focused care What did Milio believe was the behavior patterns of the population a result of? - The habitual selection from limited choices What did milio believe was the main determinant of unhelpful behaviors? - Lack of knowledge What level is Milio's Framework utilized at within the Community Health Setting? - The macro level How does Milio's Framework state community health nurses should influence determinants of the communities health? - Through public policy What is the definition of a Modifiable Health Risk? - Unhealthy/ Predisposition to an illness that can change What is an example of a Modifiable Health Risk? - Smoking - Alcohol consumption - Dietary habits - Exercise habits What is the definition of a Non-Modifiable Health Risk? - unhealthy/ predisposition to an illness that CANNOT be changed What is an example of a Non-modifiable health risk? - Family history - Race - Gender What is the definition of Epidemiology? The study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human population What is the principle of public health? - Epidemiology What must a HCP record accurately in regards to vaccinations? - Name - Date immunized - Type of vaccine - Vaccine Manufacturer - Date of VIS - Name, Title, and address of facility/ personnel administering vaccine What three items does the Public Health use to control infectious diseases? - Control - Elimination - Eradication What does Control mean in regards to infectious diseases? - The reduction of incidences or prevalence of a given disease to locally accepted levels as a result of deliberate efforts What does Incidence mean in regards to infectious diseases? - New cases What does Prevalence mean in regards to infectious diseases? - Existing cases What does Elimination mean in regards to infectious diseases? - Controlling a disease within a geographic area and reducing the prevalence and incidence to NEAR ZERO What is the Elimination of an infectious disease a result of? - Deliberate efforts, but continues intervention measures are still required What does Eradication mean in regards to infectious diseases? - Reducing the worldwide incidence of a disease to ZERO as a function of deliberate efforts What is an example of diseases that have been Eradicated? - Smallpox in 1977 What does Eradication mean in regards to required interventions? - There are no further control measures needed - Only possible occurrence of disease can happen under certain conditions What makes up the Epidemiological Triangle? - Host - Agent - Environment What makes up the agent in the Epidemiological Triangle? - Etiological Factors What makes up the Host in the Epidemiological Triangle? - The susceptibility or response to the agen What makes up the Environmental factors in the Epidemiological Triangle? - Extrinsic factors Utilizing Lyme disease as an example, according to the Epidemiological Triangle, what is the Agent? - Microorganism Utilizing Lyme disease as an example, according to the Epidemiological Triangle, what is the Host? - Humans Utilizing Lyme disease as an example, according to the Epidemiological Triangle, what is the Environment? - Ticks What is the definition of Attack Rate? - The Number of new cases of those exposed to the disease What does Web of Causation Model illustrate? - The complexity of relationships among causal variables for various diseases What is an example of a Web of Causation? What is the definition of a Retrospective Study? - A study that compares individuals with a particular condition or disease with those who do not have the disease - Data collection extends into the past What is the definition of Prospective Studies? - A study that monitors a group of disease-free individuals to determine if and when a disease occurs What do cohorts enrolled into a Prospective Study share? - Common experiences w/n a defined period of time What does a Research monitor in a Prospective study? - The cohort for disease development What is the definition of a Experimental design? - A study where subjects are assigned to experimental or control groups What considerations does the Experimental Design have to take into considerations? - Ethical considerations with human subjects rights need to be reviewed What can the Experimental Design be utilized for in the Healthcare field? - To test Methods related to treatment/ prevention strategies - Investigate Chronic disease prevention What does "The Right to Try" legislation allow to happen? - Stage 4 patients to quickly become participants in experimental clinical trials- last chance actions What equipment is required with Airborne precautions? - N95 mask - Gloves - Gown - Goggles What type of room should be utilized with Airborne precautions? - Private room w/ negative pressure room What should the HEPA filter be set for exchanges for regarding Airborne precautions? - 6-12 air exchanges minimum What are some examples of diseases requiring airborne precautions? - Chicken Pox - TB - Influenza What equipment must be worn with Contact precautions? - Gown - Gloves (Contact) When might an individual utilize mask/ goggles with Contact Precautions? - when body fluids are involved How is diseases spread if they require contact precautions? - Direct/ Indirect contact What are some examples of diseases requiring contact precautions? - MRSA - C. Diff - Impetigo - Vancomycin- Resistant Enterococci What equipment should be worn with Droplet precautions? - Surgical mask - Gloves What size droplets qualify as Droplet Precautions? - 5 mcg What are some diseases that require Droplet precautions to be used? - Mumps - Strep - Pertussis What type of room should a patient under Neutropenic/ Protective precautions be placed in? - Private room with Positive Pressure What type of diseases require Neutropenic/ Protective precuations? Immunocompromised patients: - Leukemia - Burns - Chemotherapy patients - Stem cell patients What type of equipment should be utilized with Neutropenic/ Protective precautions? - Gown - Gloves (Protective) What should be required of the patient on Neutropenic/ Protective Precautions when outside of the room? - Have patient wear a mask What does Descriptive Epidemiology study? - The amount and distribution of the disease What does Descriptive Epidemiology identify? - Patterns frequently indicating possible causes of disease What does Analytic Epidemiology study? - Complex relationships among the many determinants of diseases What does Analytic Epidemiology investigate? - causes of diseases or etiology What can Rates occurs as? numbers of cases of diseases occurring every 1,000, 10,000, or 100,000 and so on What is the Morbidity rate equation? - (Number of new cases in a given time period / Population at risk in the same time period) x 1,000 (or the constant) What is the constant if a town has 30,000 folks? - 10,000 What is an example of the Morbidity rate equation 75 new cases in a town of 4,000 and 250 old cases: = 75 new cases / (4,000 population of town - 250 old cases) = 0.02 = 0.02 x 1,000 (Constant of 4,000) = 20 per 1,000 in a given time period What is the definition of Prevalence rates? - All cases of a specific disease or condition at a given time. What is the equation for Prevalence rates? (Number of existing cases / Total population) x 1,000 (or constant) What is an example of the Prevalence rate equation? there are 250 cases and a population of 4,000: = 250 cases / 4,000 people = 0.0624 = 0.0625 x 1,000 (constant) - 62.5 per 1,000 How would you get the entire amount of sick folks in a town given the Prevalence rate? Lets say there is a prevalence rate of 62.5 per 1,000 and the town size is 4,000 folks: = 62.5 x 4 (which is what you would have to multiple the constant to get the number of total folks) = 250 cases What is the equation for Crude Death Rates? = (Number of deaths in year / Total population size) x Constant (K) What is an example of the Crude Death rates? Scenario: 1720 deaths occurred in Marrieta with a population of 200,000 individuals = (1720/ 200,000) x 100,000 (constant of 200,000) = 860 per 100,000 per year What is the equation for Crude Birth Rates? = (Number of births in a year/ population size) x Constant (K) What is an example of the Crude Birth rate case? Scenario: 2900 birth this year in Marietta with a population of 200,000: = (2900/ 200,000) = 0.0145 = 0.0145 x 100,000 = 1450 per 100,000 per year What is the equation for Attack Rate? (Number of new cases of a given health problem during an outbreak / The size of the population at the beginning of the given period) What is an example of Attack Rate? (Number of women who had babies with birth defects/ Number of pregnant women exposed to the pesticide Teratogen) What is the definition of Risk? - The probability of an adverse event What is the definition of a Risk factor? - The Specific exposure factor What is the definition of Attribution Risk? - Estimate of the disease burden in the population What is another term for Experimental Design? - Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) What is the definition of a Wellness Diagnosis? - A diagnosis that is often focused on the individual, but can be utilized to make a positive statement about the communities strengths What does a Wellness diagnosis address? - potential of segments of the population in the community to move toward a higher level of wellness and presumes a certain level of readiness to change What is an example of a Wellness Diagnosis? - Increased potential for positive infant outcomes amongst teenage mothers r/t effective parenting AEB increased participation in mother-baby practice sessions and positive newborn care behaviors What are the types of environmental health concerns? - Work Risks - Atmospheric quality - Water Quality - Housing Problems - Food Quality and Safety - Waste Control - Radiation Risks What are some examples of the Work Risks Environmental Health Concerns? - occupational toxic poisoning - Machine-operation hazards - heavy metal poisoning What are some types of machine-operation hazards that qualifies as work risks environmental health concerns? - Falls - Crushing injuries - Coal Dust What are the 6 common air pollutants that make up the Atmospheric quality category of environmental health concerns? - Ozone - Carbon monoxide - Nitrogen dioxide - Sulfer dioxide - Particulate Matter - Lead What is an example of the ozone that qualifies as one of the 6 common air pollutants that make up the Atmospheric quality category of environmental health concerns? - Smog What is an example of the Carbon Monoxide that qualifies as one of the 6 common air pollutants that make up the Atmospheric quality category of environmental health concerns? - Exhaust of Motor Vehicles - Combustion of Fossil fuels What is an example of Particulate matter that qualifies as one of the 6 common air pollutants that make up the Atmospheric quality category of environmental health concerns? Droplets from the following: - Smoke - Dust - Ash - Condensing Vapors Where does Atmospheric quality risk factors of the Environmental Health concerns originate from? - Industry - Transportation - Naturally occurring events What type of industries contributes to the Atmospheric quality risk factors of the Environmental Health concerns? - Dry cleaning - Factories - Oil Refineries - Coal-burning power plants What type of Transporation contributes to the Atmospheric quality risk factors of the Environmental Health concerns? - Cars - Buses - Trucks - Planes What type of Naturally occurring events contributes to the Atmospheric quality risk factors of the Environmental Health concerns? - Volcanic eruptions - Windstorms What does AQI stand for? - Air Quality Index What causes Water quality to be a Environmental Health concern? - Droughts - Dousing reservoirs w/ chemicals to reduce algae - Contaminating aquifers w/ pesticides & Fertilizers - Lead leeching from water pipes - Oil spilling from transport tankers or offshore - Microbial contamination What causes Housing problems to be a Environmental Health concern? - Radon - Carbon monoxide - Mold/ Dust - Second hand smoke - Cooking vapors - Lead paint - Rodents What is the leading cause of Lung Cancer in NON-smoking patients? - Radon What is the leading cause of Lung Cancer? - Smoking (Duh) What causes Food Quality and Safety to be a Environmental Health concern? - Malnutrition - Bacterial food poisoning - Carcinogenic chemicals - Improper fraudulent meat inspection/ labeling - Microbial epidemics from livestock (E. coli) - Food products from diseased animal sources - Disruption of vital natural food chains What are some carcinogenic chemicals that can be environmental health concerns? - Nitrates - Dyes - Cyclamate What does the "I" in I PREPARE Stand for? - Investigate potential exposures What does the First "P" in I PREPARE Stand for? - Present work What does the First "R" in I PREPARE Stand for? - Residence What does the First "E" in I PREPARE Stand for? - Environmental concerns What does the "A" in I PREPARE Stand for? - Activities What does the Second "P" in I PREPARE Stand for? - Past work What does the Second "R" in I PREPARE Stand for? - Referrals and Resources What does the Second "E" in I PREPARE Stand for? - Educate What is the definition of Built Environment? - Consists of the connections among people, communities, and their surrounding environments that affect health behaviors and habits, interpersonal relationships, cultural values, and customs What is the definition of Social Capital? - Networks and associated norms and expected collective benefits derived from cooperation between individuals and groups What was Florence Nightingale the first to do? - Exert political pressure on the government What was Florence Nightingale known to do? - Collect and analyze data about health services and outcomes What did Clara Barton do during the Civil War? - Organized relief efforts What was Clara Barton's biggest achievement with congress? - Persuaded them to ratify the Treaty of Geneva What did Clara Barton's work with the Ratification of the Treaty of Geneva allow to happen? - The Red Cross to perform humanitarian efforts in times of Peace Who Established the Native American Nurses Association? - Susie Walking Bear Yellowtail What was Florence Wald's major achievements? - Establishment of Hospice Care in the USA What is the definition of Medicare (Title XVIII)? - Established by The Social Security Act, which pays specified health care services for all people 65 and older who are eligible to receive social security benefits. Individuals with permanent disabilities and in end-stage renal disease are also covered Who is eligible for Medicare (Title XVIII)? - 65 years or older who qualify for receiving Social Security benefits - People w/ Permanent disabilities - People w/ End-Stage Renal disease What is the definition of Medicaid? - Legislature that Provides access to care for the poor and medically needy of all ages. Each state is allocated federal dollars on a matching basis Who is eligible to receive Medicaid? - individuals below the poverty line - Medically needy patients What does the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 focus on? - health needs and risks in the workplace and environment and continues to provide critical programs important to the workplace and the community What does COBRA stand for? - Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act What does COBRA impact? - health care delivery and reimbursement how does COBRA impact Emergency Service departments? - Requires all hospitals w/ emergency services that participate in medicare to treat any client in their emergency services, whether or not the client is covered by medicare or does not have the ability to pay How does COBRA impact prenatal and Postnatal care? - Requires medicaid to cover prenatal and postnatal care to low-income women in two-parent families and the primary spouse is unemployed What does HIPAA stand for? - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act What does HIPPA do? - Offers protection for patient privacy and confidentiality. What is another term for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010? - Health Care Reform Act What is the definition of the Health Care Reform Act? - An extremely complex and comprehensive piece of legislation that has a primary aim of reducing the number of uninsured Americans, and the number of provisions directly address this intent What is the primary goal of the Health Care Reform Act? - Reduction of the number of uninsured Americans What does the Health Care Reform Act require of individuals? - Requires all US citizens and legal residence to have qualifying health coverage How did the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act impact Insurance companies? - Makes it illegal for health insurance providers to use or require genetic information to make decisions about a person's insurance eligibility or coverage How did the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act impact employers? - Prevented genetic discriminations in employment Who does the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act not impact? - The Military What are the 6 aspects that qualify as the Chain of Transmission? - Agent - Reservoir - Portal of Exit - Transmission - Portal of Entry - Host Susceptibility What are some examples of the Agent portion of the Chain of Transmission? - Virus - Rickettsia - Bacteria - Protozoan - Helminth - Prion What are some examples of the Reservoir portion of the Chain of Transmission? - Humans - animals - arthropods - plants - soil/ water What are some examples of the Portal of Exit portion of the Chain of Transmission? - Respiratory secretions - Vaginal secretions - Semen - Saliva - Lesion exudates - blood - feces What are some examples of the Transmission portion of the Chain of Transmission? - Direct - Indirect What are some examples of the Portal of Entry portion of the Chain of Transmission? - Respiratory passages - Mucous membranes - Skin - Percutaneous new host space - mouth - placenta What are some examples of the Host susceptibility portion of the Chain of Transmission? - Biological/ Personal Factors - health status - personal behaviors - anatomical and physiological lines of defense - immunity What are some Biological/ Personal Factors that impact the Host Susceptibility portion of the chain of Transmission? - Gender - Age - Genetics What is the definition of a Fomite? - An object that may be contaminated with an infectious agent What is an example of a Fomite? - Hand disease - Foot disease - Mouth disease - Influenza What is a Vector? - Any living organism that can carry a disease-producing virus What is an example of a method in ways Vectors transmit the agent? - Via Biting What some examples of diseases that utilize vectors to spread? - Lyme Disease - Zika - West Nile - Encephalitis What are the types of immunity? - Active - Passive What is Active Nature Immunity? - Natural contact w/ the infectious agent What is an example of Active Natural immunity? - RSV What is Natural Passive Immunity? - Natural contact w/ ANTIBODY transplacental or through breast milk What is the type of breast milk called that contains all the antibodies? - Colostrum What is the definition of Active Artificial Immunity? - The Inoculation of an ANTIGEN What is the definition of Passive Artificial Immunity? - The Inoculation of ANTIBODIES or ANTOXINS What are some examples of Passive Artificial Immunity? - DTaP (Booster shot) - COVID vaccinations What is the definition of Primary Vaccine Failure? - Failure of the vaccine to stimulate ANY immune response What is the definition of Secondary Vaccine Failure? - Warning of immunity following an initial immune response What is the definition of Tuberculosis (TB)? - A contagious disease caused by the organism: Mycobacterium tuberculosis or tubercle bacillus How is Tuberculosis (TB) spread? - Through Airborne Droplets What Organ of the body is mostly impacted by Tuberculosis (TB)? - Lungs (Pulmonary or Laryngeal) What is the three medications, in combination with Isoniazid, that is utilized to treat TB? - Rifampin - Pyrazinamide - Ethambutol What drug is commonly utilized to treat Tuberculosis (TB)? - Isoniazid How long does treatment for Tuberculosis (TB) typically last? - 6 months What is the definition of Anthrax? - an acute infectious disease that usually occurs in animals such as livestock, but can also affect humans. What are the three modes of transmission that Anthrax utilizes to infect a human? - Spores entering through a break in the skin - Inhalation of Anthrax Spores - Eating contaminated or undercooked meat What is the treatment for Anthrax? - Antibiotics if caught early enough What is the definition of Herd immunity? - A state in which those not immune to an infectious agent will be protected if a certain proportion (generally considered to be 80%) of the population has been vaccinated or otherwise immune What percentage of the population has to be vaccinated and/or immune to reach Herd Immunity? - 80% minimum What is an example of Herd Immunity that exists in the United States today? - Heard Immunity to Measles What does EPSDT stand for? - Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment What is EPSDT? - A Medicaid comprehensive child health program that requires states to provide comprehensive preventative, acute, and chronic care services to Medicaid eligible children How often does the CDC perform the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey? - Every 2 years amongst selected HS students in the USA What does the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey report provide? - Valuable information that can help improve health education programs in school - comparable data amongst subpopulations of youth - comparable national, state, territorial, tribal, and local data What does the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey determine? - The prevalence and age of initiation of health risk behavior What does the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey assess? - Whether health risk behaviors increase, decrease, or remain the same over time and notes the trends What does the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey examine? - The co-occurrence of health risk behaviors What does the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey Monitor? - Progress towards achieving the Healthy People 2020 Objectives and other program indications When can a School Nurse provide care? - In the clinic and NOT BEFORE OR AFTER SCHOOL What is the role of the School nurse? - Student advocate - Educator - Community Liaison - Case manager - Delegation of care - Collaborative care - Conducts research What is Public Law 99-142 of 1975? - Designed to improve the education of children with disabilities by allowing them free appropriate public education What does IDEA stand for? - Individual with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 What is the purpose of IDEA? - Allows Early intervention for disabled children via governing how states and public agencies provide early intervention What feelings are warning signs of Stress in Children? - Anger - Hostility - Boredom What Activities are warning signs of Stress in Children? - Use of Alcohol/ other substances What Cognition s/s are warning signs of Stress in Children? - Inability to concentrate - Problems making decisions What systemic s/s are warning signs of Stress in Children? - Headaches - Ailments What School issues are warning signs of Stress in Children? - Inconsistent school attendance What actions by a child are s/s of Physical Abuse? - Wariness of Adult contact What appearances of a child are s/s of Physical Abuse? - Frightened of parents/ relatives - Cries when it is time to go home What assessment findings are indications of Child abuse? Unexplained of the following: - burns - bites - bruises - black eyes - broken bones What school issues indicates Child neglect is occurring? - frequent absences from school What appearance s/s indicates Child neglect is occurring? - Dirty/ disheveled appearance - underweight - improper clothing for season of year What Activities indicates Child neglect is occurring? - Stealing of money/ food What physical activities indicates that sexual abuse is occurring? - Difficulty walking - Difficulty sitting What reported s/s indicates that sexual abuse may be occurring? - new onset of nightmares - new onset of bed wetting What behavioral s/s indicates that sexual abuse may be occurring? - Refusal to change into gym attire or participate in physical activities - Runs away from home What physiological changes indicates that sexual abuse is occurring? - Becomes pregnant - Diagnosis w/ an Sexually transmitted infection (STI) What behavior changes indicates that emotion abuse may be occurring? - Acting out - Extreme passivity What developmental delays indicates that emotional abuse may be occurring? - Physical or emotional developmental delays What actions may indicate that emotional abuse is occurring? - Exhibits inappropriate adult/ infantile behavior - Attempts or has attempted suicide What do most adolescent individuals have a struggle with? - being torn between if they want to live or die What should be remembered regarding suicide? - Every threat about suicide should be taken seriously What are some warning s/s of suicide? - Depression - Substance abuse - Decreased activity - Isolation - Appetite changes - Sleep changes Who is more likely to commit suicide? - Individuals who are Bisexual or Homosexual without support or in a hostile school environment Who is more likely to complete suicide? - Males Who is more likely to consider attempting suicide? - Females What is the biggest cause of completed suicide in children and adults? - Guns (60%) What socioeconomic groups are impacted by suicide? - All socioeconomic groups are affected by suicide What is smart to remember regarding education and suicide? - Education regarding suicide does not lead to an increase in number of attempts What is an indicator that an individual may attempt to commit suicide? - If they have attempted to commit suicide before What diagnosis is commonly linked to attempted suicide? - Mental health disorder diagnosis What is pediculosis? - Lice infestation (Head Lice) What are some feeling s/s of Pediculosis? - Tickling feeling of something moving around in their hair What causes the itching related to Pediculosis? - Allergic reaction to the scalp bites of the louse (bug) What behavior s/s are common in children with Pediculosis? - Irritability - Difficulty sleeping What should be taught to individuals with pediculosis? - Washing bedding, caps, scarves, and towels in HOT water - Soak Combs and brushes in very HOT/ SOAPY Water - DONT SHARE Combs - Blow drying can kill lice due to hot air BUT should be utilized with other treatments What should be taught regarding washing hair after a treatment of pediculosis? - do not use shampoo/ conditions for 2-3 days after treatment applications Why is it important to vacuum rugs/ upholstery/ Blankets with Pediculosis? - because nits can shed into the environment and can hatch for up to 10 days!