APHON QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS/2026 UPDATE
1. How does cancer start?: with one cell; one genetic mutation
2. How are cyclins activated?: When they are bound with a CDK enzyme
3. What do cyclins do?: stimulate the cell to go to the next phase
4. What do CDK inhibitors do?: prevent damaged cells from replicating
5. What is apoptosis?: programmed cell death
6. What is a natural cell death where the cell blebs and is removed by
phagocytes?: apoptosis
7. Do cancer cells have apoptosis?: no
8. What is the primary reason multiple chemotherapy agents are used to treat
cancer?: resistance to single chemotherapy agents can develop
9. Why do we use multiple chemotherapy agents?: to overcome drug resistance and give a
broader range of coverage against naturally resistant tumor cells
10. In the TNM staging system, what does the T stand for?: primary Tumor size
11. In the TNM staging system, what does the N stand for?: presence or absence of
lymph
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SOLUTIONS/2026 UPDATE
1. How does cancer start?: with one cell; one genetic mutation
2. How are cyclins activated?: When they are bound with a CDK enzyme
3. What do cyclins do?: stimulate the cell to go to the next phase
4. What do CDK inhibitors do?: prevent damaged cells from replicating
5. What is apoptosis?: programmed cell death
6. What is a natural cell death where the cell blebs and is removed by
phagocytes?: apoptosis
7. Do cancer cells have apoptosis?: no
8. What is the primary reason multiple chemotherapy agents are used to treat
cancer?: resistance to single chemotherapy agents can develop
9. Why do we use multiple chemotherapy agents?: to overcome drug resistance and give a
broader range of coverage against naturally resistant tumor cells
10. In the TNM staging system, what does the T stand for?: primary Tumor size
11. In the TNM staging system, what does the N stand for?: presence or absence of
lymph
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