PENN FOSTER VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY
FINAL COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
EXPERT VERIFIED GRADED A+
◉ Contraindications. Answer: Reasons for not giving a drug to a
patient
◉ Veterinarian-Client Relationship. Answer: The veterinarian has
assumed responsibility for making clinical judgments about the
health of the animals and the need for treatment, and the client has
agreed to follow the veterinarian's instructions. The veterinarian has
sufficient knowledge of the animal(s) to issue a diagnosis, must have
recently seen the animal. The veterinarian must be available for
follow-up evaluations of the patient. The veterinarian-client
relationship is the reason that people can't walk into veterinary
clinics and buy certain medications without being clients.
◉ Regimen. Answer: Plan for administering drugs, placed on
medication label
◉ Information present on a drug label. Answer: Kind of drug
,Route of administration (the way in which the drug will be
administered)
Dosage (the amount of drug to be given)
Frequency (how often the drug should be given)
Duration (how long the drug is to be given)
◉ TID. Answer: is three times a day; stands for ter in die
◉ QID. Answer: is four times a day; stands for quater in die
◉ BID. Answer: is two times a day; stands for bis in die
◉ Pharmacokinetics. Answer: The complex series of events that
occurs once a drug is administered to the patient, influences by the
manner in which the drug is given, some routes have limitations
◉ Oral (PO). Answer: in the mouth, animals vomiting/have diarrhea
may not absorb oral medications, some taste have a horrible taste
,◉ Intravenous (IV). Answer: in the veins, takes effect almost
immediately, doesn't last as long as those administered by other
routes, body begins to eliminate the drugs quickly
◉ Intramuscular (IM). Answer: in the muscle, sometimes painful,
absorbed more slowly than IV but absorbed more quickly than SQ
◉ Subcutaneous (SQ or SC). Answer: Under the skin, an injection
administered under the skin.
◉ Intradermal (ID). Answer: which is an injection into the skin, used
for testing for allergies
◉ Intraperitoneal (IP). Answer: An injection into the abdominal
cavity
◉ Intraarterial (IA). Answer: injection into an artery
◉ Intraarticular. Answer: an injection of a medication into a joint
◉ Intracardiac. Answer: which is an injection into the heart (This
method is often used for euthanasia [killing the animal] and for
cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR].)
, ◉ Intramedullary. Answer: An injection into the bone marrow cavity
◉ epidural and subdural. Answer:
◉ Nebulizer. Answer: A drug can be inhaled in a fine mist, antibiotics
(kill small disease carrying organisms) or bronchodilators (open
lungs to make breathing easier, inhalation therapy for a respiratory
disease can be administered, release tiny particles of droplets of the
medication which can be inhaled into the deep, small airways
◉ Metered-dose inhaler. Answer: administered by using a hand-held
device that fits over an animal's nose and mouth
◉ Anesthetic gases. Answer: gaseous forms given with vaporizers
◉ Transdermal (or topical). Answer: drugs are placed on the skin. A
patch allows slow absorption of the drug over time. Keep in mind
that drugs that penetrate animal skin will often penetrate human
skin as well. Therefore, gloves should always be worn when handling
these drugs
◉ The concentration gradient. Answer: Drugs from one
compartment of the body to another, moves from areas of high
concentration to lower concentration
FINAL COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
EXPERT VERIFIED GRADED A+
◉ Contraindications. Answer: Reasons for not giving a drug to a
patient
◉ Veterinarian-Client Relationship. Answer: The veterinarian has
assumed responsibility for making clinical judgments about the
health of the animals and the need for treatment, and the client has
agreed to follow the veterinarian's instructions. The veterinarian has
sufficient knowledge of the animal(s) to issue a diagnosis, must have
recently seen the animal. The veterinarian must be available for
follow-up evaluations of the patient. The veterinarian-client
relationship is the reason that people can't walk into veterinary
clinics and buy certain medications without being clients.
◉ Regimen. Answer: Plan for administering drugs, placed on
medication label
◉ Information present on a drug label. Answer: Kind of drug
,Route of administration (the way in which the drug will be
administered)
Dosage (the amount of drug to be given)
Frequency (how often the drug should be given)
Duration (how long the drug is to be given)
◉ TID. Answer: is three times a day; stands for ter in die
◉ QID. Answer: is four times a day; stands for quater in die
◉ BID. Answer: is two times a day; stands for bis in die
◉ Pharmacokinetics. Answer: The complex series of events that
occurs once a drug is administered to the patient, influences by the
manner in which the drug is given, some routes have limitations
◉ Oral (PO). Answer: in the mouth, animals vomiting/have diarrhea
may not absorb oral medications, some taste have a horrible taste
,◉ Intravenous (IV). Answer: in the veins, takes effect almost
immediately, doesn't last as long as those administered by other
routes, body begins to eliminate the drugs quickly
◉ Intramuscular (IM). Answer: in the muscle, sometimes painful,
absorbed more slowly than IV but absorbed more quickly than SQ
◉ Subcutaneous (SQ or SC). Answer: Under the skin, an injection
administered under the skin.
◉ Intradermal (ID). Answer: which is an injection into the skin, used
for testing for allergies
◉ Intraperitoneal (IP). Answer: An injection into the abdominal
cavity
◉ Intraarterial (IA). Answer: injection into an artery
◉ Intraarticular. Answer: an injection of a medication into a joint
◉ Intracardiac. Answer: which is an injection into the heart (This
method is often used for euthanasia [killing the animal] and for
cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR].)
, ◉ Intramedullary. Answer: An injection into the bone marrow cavity
◉ epidural and subdural. Answer:
◉ Nebulizer. Answer: A drug can be inhaled in a fine mist, antibiotics
(kill small disease carrying organisms) or bronchodilators (open
lungs to make breathing easier, inhalation therapy for a respiratory
disease can be administered, release tiny particles of droplets of the
medication which can be inhaled into the deep, small airways
◉ Metered-dose inhaler. Answer: administered by using a hand-held
device that fits over an animal's nose and mouth
◉ Anesthetic gases. Answer: gaseous forms given with vaporizers
◉ Transdermal (or topical). Answer: drugs are placed on the skin. A
patch allows slow absorption of the drug over time. Keep in mind
that drugs that penetrate animal skin will often penetrate human
skin as well. Therefore, gloves should always be worn when handling
these drugs
◉ The concentration gradient. Answer: Drugs from one
compartment of the body to another, moves from areas of high
concentration to lower concentration
