PENN FOSTER VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY
FINAL PAPER 2026 TESTED QUESTIONS WITH
FULL SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ Neurotransmitters cannot be mimicked or blocked by the use of
appropriate drugs, and that is why patients with nervous system
disorders do not have a very good prognosis. T/? Answer: False
◉ the ANS is that portion of the nervous system that controls _____
body activities. Answer: Unconscious
◉ the neurotransmitter for cholinergic sites is_____. Answer:
acetylchoine
◉ Epinephrine is responsible for all of the following except____
a. can cause an increase in metabolic rate
b. can cause an increase in heart rate and cardiac output
c. communication with stem cells in bone marrow
d. can constrict blood vessels in the skin.. Answer: c. communication
with stem cells in bone marrow
◉ Xylazine is antagonized by _____. Answer: Yohimbine
,◉ All of the following are benzodiazepines except _____
a. yohimbine
b. diazepam
c. alprazolam
d. lorazepam. Answer: a. yohimbine
◉ What structures would a molecule of oxygen pass over or through
as it travels from the environment to the alveoli?. Answer: Nostrils,
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
◉ what are the 4 primary functions of the respiratory system?.
Answer: oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange, regulation of acid base
balance, body temperature regulation and voice production.
◉ describe the functions of the three basic defense mechnaisms of
the respiratory system. Answer: Structures in the nasal passages
filter, warm, and humidify inspired air. The cough, sneeze and
reverse sneeze attempt to remove foreign material that has entered
the respiratory system Mucocilliary mechanism also removes
foreign material from the respiratory system. Macrophages and
immunoglobulins inactivate or destroy invasive organisms.
,◉ What are three important principles of respiratory therapeutics?.
Answer: Control of secretions, control of reflexes, maintenance of
normal airflow
◉ Expectorants are indicted when what type of cough is present?.
Answer: Productive
◉ Mucolytics decrease the viscosity of respiratory mucous by what
mechanism?. Answer: Through the breakdown of disulfide chemical
bonds.
◉ Acetylcysteine is administered by what method for pulmonary
uses?. Answer: Nebulization
◉ What is the mechanism of action of most antitussives used in vet-
medicine?. Answer: Through depression of the cough center in the
brain
◉ Codein is classified in what category of controlled substances?.
Answer: Schedule V
◉ List three mechanisms that can cause smooth muscle contraction
in the bronchioles. Answer: Release of acetylcholine, release of
histamine, and blockade of beta 2-adrenergic receptors
, ◉ List two bronchodilators that are beta2-adrenergic agonists.
Answer: Epinephrine and Albuterol
◉ The methylxanthines bring about bronchodilation by inhibiting
what cellular enzyme?. Answer: Phosphodiesterase
◉ List two potential uses for antihistamines in veterinary medicine..
Answer: Treatment of insect bites and treatment of hives in horses
◉ What suffix is found at the end of many antihistamine names?.
Answer: -amine
◉ List two potential uses for Dopram.. Answer: Treatment of
respiratory depression associated with anesthesia and stimulation
of respiration in newborn animals
◉ What structures constitute the urinary system?. Answer: Kidney,
ureters, bladder, urethra
◉ Name two drugs that are contraindicated in uremic patients..
Answer: Rompun and ketaset
◉ Renal damage bay be categorized as _____, _____, or _____. Answer:
Prerenal, renal, postrenal.
FINAL PAPER 2026 TESTED QUESTIONS WITH
FULL SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ Neurotransmitters cannot be mimicked or blocked by the use of
appropriate drugs, and that is why patients with nervous system
disorders do not have a very good prognosis. T/? Answer: False
◉ the ANS is that portion of the nervous system that controls _____
body activities. Answer: Unconscious
◉ the neurotransmitter for cholinergic sites is_____. Answer:
acetylchoine
◉ Epinephrine is responsible for all of the following except____
a. can cause an increase in metabolic rate
b. can cause an increase in heart rate and cardiac output
c. communication with stem cells in bone marrow
d. can constrict blood vessels in the skin.. Answer: c. communication
with stem cells in bone marrow
◉ Xylazine is antagonized by _____. Answer: Yohimbine
,◉ All of the following are benzodiazepines except _____
a. yohimbine
b. diazepam
c. alprazolam
d. lorazepam. Answer: a. yohimbine
◉ What structures would a molecule of oxygen pass over or through
as it travels from the environment to the alveoli?. Answer: Nostrils,
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
◉ what are the 4 primary functions of the respiratory system?.
Answer: oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange, regulation of acid base
balance, body temperature regulation and voice production.
◉ describe the functions of the three basic defense mechnaisms of
the respiratory system. Answer: Structures in the nasal passages
filter, warm, and humidify inspired air. The cough, sneeze and
reverse sneeze attempt to remove foreign material that has entered
the respiratory system Mucocilliary mechanism also removes
foreign material from the respiratory system. Macrophages and
immunoglobulins inactivate or destroy invasive organisms.
,◉ What are three important principles of respiratory therapeutics?.
Answer: Control of secretions, control of reflexes, maintenance of
normal airflow
◉ Expectorants are indicted when what type of cough is present?.
Answer: Productive
◉ Mucolytics decrease the viscosity of respiratory mucous by what
mechanism?. Answer: Through the breakdown of disulfide chemical
bonds.
◉ Acetylcysteine is administered by what method for pulmonary
uses?. Answer: Nebulization
◉ What is the mechanism of action of most antitussives used in vet-
medicine?. Answer: Through depression of the cough center in the
brain
◉ Codein is classified in what category of controlled substances?.
Answer: Schedule V
◉ List three mechanisms that can cause smooth muscle contraction
in the bronchioles. Answer: Release of acetylcholine, release of
histamine, and blockade of beta 2-adrenergic receptors
, ◉ List two bronchodilators that are beta2-adrenergic agonists.
Answer: Epinephrine and Albuterol
◉ The methylxanthines bring about bronchodilation by inhibiting
what cellular enzyme?. Answer: Phosphodiesterase
◉ List two potential uses for antihistamines in veterinary medicine..
Answer: Treatment of insect bites and treatment of hives in horses
◉ What suffix is found at the end of many antihistamine names?.
Answer: -amine
◉ List two potential uses for Dopram.. Answer: Treatment of
respiratory depression associated with anesthesia and stimulation
of respiration in newborn animals
◉ What structures constitute the urinary system?. Answer: Kidney,
ureters, bladder, urethra
◉ Name two drugs that are contraindicated in uremic patients..
Answer: Rompun and ketaset
◉ Renal damage bay be categorized as _____, _____, or _____. Answer:
Prerenal, renal, postrenal.
