NR 442/NR442 Exam 4 (NEW 2026/2027 Update) | Complete Community Health Nursing Questions and Answers | Accurate Verified Solutions – Chamberlain

…..DLDD NR 442/NR442 Exam 4 (NEW 2026/2027 Update) | Complete Community Health Nursing Questions and Answers | Accurate Verified Solutions – Chamberlain Q. what are the roles for a school health nurse? ANSWERS 1. provide leadership, community health services, care coordination and improve initiative 2. customized services 3. interdisciplinary team children safe and healthy in school Q. what are the roles of school health programs? ANSWERS 1. provide acute and emergency care, care coordination , chronic disease management and family engagement 2. first aide, meds, dental, vision, immunizations Q. what is the whole school, whole community and whole child model? ANSWERS a tool professionals use to assess school health, safety policies and programs to develop improvements Q. health people 2020 goals for children in a school setting ANSWERS 1. increase start times to 8:30 Q. Jennifer is a community health nurse in a large metropolitan area. According to the American Nurses Association's Code of Ethics (2015), community health nurses must align themselves with public health programs that promote and preserve the health of populations by influencing ANSWERS sociocultural issues Q. Mary is a nursing student doing her senior project in community health. Part of her assignment is to conduct an activity that illustrates "social health" within a group in her community. The most appropriate activity for Mary to organize would be a ANSWERS food bank in a local church Q. It has been estimated that individual behaviors and environmental factors are responsible for what percentage of all premature deaths in the United States? ANSWERS 50% Q. Early public health nurse Lillian Wald and her associates were successful in addressing health and disease in the immigrant community by ANSWERS supporting political activities to improve social and environmental conditions of immigrant families. Q. Disease prevention activities protect people from disease and the effects of disease. An example of primary disease prevention is ANSWERS administering vaccines to children before kindergarten Q. Every 10 years, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services publishes a national prevention initiative titled Healthy People. One of the new objectives for Healthy People 2030 is to: ANSWERS promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well-being across all life stages. Q. Which is an example of "community health nursing" rather than "community-based nursing"? ANSWERS An RN reviewing school clinic records to determine which children are not up to date on their immunizations Q. Which entity strives to improve the health of all the public by promoting healthy lifestyles, preventing disease and injury, and protecting the health of communities? ANSWERS public health system Q. A variety of health indicators are used by health providers, policy makers, and community health nurses to measure the health of the community. Indicators that illustrate the health status of a community and may be useful in analyzing health patterns over time include (Select all that apply.) ANSWERS morbidity mortality life expectancy cancer incident rates Q. Public health efforts focus on prevention and promotion of population health. The local level of the health care system provides direct services to community members through community and personal health services. An example of a health service that targets the larger community, rather than individuals, is (Select all that apply.) ANSWERS mobile immunization clinic condemning or repairing unsafe housing airing a weekly public service announcement to remind women to do breast self-exams Q. One dimension of a community, which looks at personal characteristics and risks of a group, is called ANSWERS aggregate of people Q. Which group is an example of a community of solution? A group ANSWERS concerned with reducing teenage suicides Q. Which source of information about a community's health would give the community health nurse information about births, deaths, and marriages and aid in providing indicators of population growth or reduction? ANSWERS vital statisitics Q. A community health nurse in the assessment phase of the nursing process conducted research to identify the distribution pattern of breast cancer within a population and the associated risk factors. This is called ANSWERS epidemiology Q. One of the first steps in community assessment may involve the community health nurse driving or walking through an area and making observations about such things as environmental layout and location of agencies, hospitals, industries, and so forth. This is called a(n) ANSWERS windshield survey Q. Which method of gathering data is most effective for remote and vulnerable segments of a community and for those communities with underdeveloped opinions? ANSWERS focus groups Q. When writing a community diagnosis, the community health nurse notes that the "among" phrase ANSWERS specifies the aggregate that will benefit from the nurse's plan. Q. Identify the etiologic or causal statement component of the following community diagnosis: "There is an increased risk for undetected testicular cancer among young men related to insufficient knowledge about the disease and the methods for preventing and detecting it at an early stage as demonstrated by high rates of late initiation of treatment." ANSWERS Insufficient knowledge about the disease and methods of prevention Q. Epidemiologic data can be useful in the planning phase of the community assessment process because they ANSWERS help construct benchmarks to gauge achievement of program objectives. Q. The steps in the community assessment process for community health nurses are (Select all that apply.) ANSWERS writing a community Dx evaluating the outcomes collecting assessment data planning community interventions Q. Public health is described as the art and science of ANSWERS -preventing disease -prolonging life -promoting health through organized community efforts to benefit each citizen Q. Definition of community ANSWERS a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common. Q. Community health ANSWERS extends the realm of public health to include organized health efforts at the community level through both government and private efforts What factors influence health on a community? Living arrangements Work/school environment Environment Societal and environmental change Lifestyle change Genetics Boils down to once person’s individual action What makes a community? A group or collection of locality based ppl interacting in social units and sharing common interests, values, characteristics and / or goals The three levels of prevention Primary prevention - prevention of problems before they occur - health promotion and protection teaching, immunizations Secondary prevention - Early detection and intervention - Early diagnosis and treatment HIV testing, screening for cervical cancer Tertiary prevention - Correction and prevention of deterioration of a disease state - Limitation of disability and rehabilitation teaching clients with new DM how to administer insulin, exercise therapy after stroke, skin care for incontinent patient Thinking upstream Examining the origins of disease, nurses identify social, political, environmental, and economic factors that often lead to poor health options for both individual and populations Refocus the efforts of nurses "upstream," where the real problem lies Prevention vs cure Cure Spending additional dollars for cure in the form of health care services does little to improve the health of a population Prevention Spending money on prevention does a great deal to improve health and decrease the dollars spent on cure Healthy People 2020 ~ Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death ~ Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups ~ Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all ~ Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages * 42 focus areas * Public health nursing according to ANA • population focused, with the goals of promoting health and preventing disease and disability for all people • practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations community-based nursing provide care for individuals, families, or groups who are receiving care in the community for acute or chronic illnesses - setting specific population-focused nursing concerned with assessing the healthcare needs and the promotion of health and wellness of a specific population -Focuses on the entire population -Based on assessment of population's health status -Considers broad determinants of health -Emphasizes all levels of prevention -Intervenes with communities, systems, individuals, and families Determinates of Health Biology Behaviors Social environment Physical environment Policies and interventions Access to quality healthcare Public health nursing intervention wheel a population-based practice model that encompasses three levels of practice (community, systems, and individual/family) and 17 public health interventions Each intervention and practice level contributes to improving population health, providing a practice foundation Aggregate Community composed of people who have common characteristics senior citizens ethnic backgrounds religious organizations Community of solution Common problem unites individuals Surveillance Describes and monitors health events through ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data for the purpose of planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions What indicates productive community functioning? Ability to respond to changing dynamics Pender's Health Promotion Model Explores biopsychosocial factors that influence individuals to pursue health promotion activities - does not consider health risk as a factor that provokes change - examines factors that affect individual actions to promote and and protect health Health Belief Model (HBM) Provides the basis for much of the practice of health education and health promotion today How does the patient perceive his or her health? - Perceived seriousness - Perceived susceptibility - Perceived benefits of treatment - Perceived barriers to treatment - Cues to action - Self-efficacy Transtheoretical Model (TTM) - Combines several theories of intervention, constructs of the model includes: —-Self-efficacy —-The processes of change - Based on assumption behavioral change takes place over time, progressing through change. - Change is difficult even for motivated individuals. Risk assessment is a systematic way of distinguishing the risks posed by potentially harmful exposures - Hazard identification - Risk description - Exposure assessment - Risk estimation Risk reduction Enables ppl to react to actual or potential threats to their health Risk communication ... is the process of informing the public regarding threats ... is affected by perceptions, process, and actions Leading cause of preventable death tobacco use What has been found to be one of the most beneficial exercises? Walking - Does not require expensive equipment - People with disabilities are able to participate with assistive devices. - Easy form of physical activity to perform and maintain - Lower likelihood of injury than more vigorous forms of exercise - Good activity for those who are physically inactive - Can adapt to one's abilities, time, and circumstances Healthy cities and healthy places models - Urges positive health care - Stress the interconnectedness between people and the public and private sectors to make changes Windshield survey Used to make organized observations of the area and its people - drive or walk - gain an understanding of environmental layout - locate possible area of environmental concern through "sight, sense, and sound" environmental layout, geographic features, location of agencies, services, businesses, industries Census data Helps nurse become familiar with an area and see how it has changed over time Every 10 years U.S. census bureau undertakes a massive survey of all American families Vital statistics Official, registration records of births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and adoptions form the basis of data reported by local and state agencies National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) - Local, regional and state government reports - locally generated data collection 12 steps of needs assessment 1. Identify aggregate for assessment 2. Engage the community in planning the assessment 3. Identify required information 4. Select method of data gathering 5. Develop questionnaires or interview questions 6. Develop procedures for data collection 7. Train data collectors 8. Arrange for a sample representative of the aggregate 9. Conduct needs assessment 10. Tabulate and analyze data 11. Identify needs suggested by data 12. Develop an action plan Format for Community Health Diagnosis Increased risk of (disability, disease, etc.) among (community or population) related to (etiological statement) as demonstrated in (health indicators). Health planning model •Based on Hogue's group intervention model in need of a population focus •Improve aggregate health •Applies nursing process to larger aggregate within systems framework •Assessment → Planning → Intervention → Evaluation Four types of needs to assess Expressed needs Demand for services and the market behavior of the targeted population Normative needs Lack, deficit, or inadequacy of services determined by health professionals Perceived needs Wants and desires expressed by audience Relative needs Gap showing health disparities between advantaged and disadvantaged population PRECEDE-PROCEED model Provides structure for assessing health and quality of life issues P= predisposing factors R= reinforcing factors E= enabling factors PROCEED - policy - regulatory - organizational constructs in educational and environmental development PATCH Health promotion is a process that enables the population to have more control over its own health • Community participation • Use of data to develop comprehensive health strategies • Mobilizing the community • Collecting health data • Selecting health priorities • Developing a comprehensive intervention plan • Evaluating the process MAPP model Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships • Mobilize community • Guide community toward shared vision • Conduct four assessments: Community strengths Local health systems Health status Forces of change within the population Affordable care act - Reduced premium costs for millions for working families and small businesses by providing tax - Capped out-of-pocket expenses - Required preventative care to fully be covered without out-of-pocket expense - No preexisting medical conditions were denied service Person-Place-Time Model Person: "Who" factors, such as demographic characteristics, health, and disease status Place: "Where" factors, such as geographic location, climate and environmental conditions, political and social environment Time: "When" factors, such as times of day, week, or month and secular trends over months and year Epidemiological triangle - Host = person - Agent = ( what causes it) radiation, parasites, poisons, bacteria, - Environment = (where is it found) food, SEE PHOTO Wheel Model of Human-Environment Interaction - The wheel consists of a hub, which represents the host and its characteristics. - Surrounding the wheel represents the environment. - Biological environment - Social environment - Physical environment Web of causation Epidemiologic model that strongly emphasizes the concept of multiple causation while de-emphasizing the role of agents in explaining illness illustrates the complexity of relationships among causal variables for heart disease Ecosocial approach - ASD Emphasize the role of evolving macro-level socioenvironmental factors along with microbiological process in understanding health and illness - Challenges the more individually focused risk factor approach to understanding disease origins ADVOCACY Calculation of rates Rate = number of health events in a specified period / populations in same area in same specified period Two principle types of morbidity rates in public health Incidence rate New cases or conditions Attack rate: Number of new cases of those exposed to the disease Prevalence rate: All cases of a specific disease or condition at a given time What is an attack rate? Number of new cases of those exposed to disease Numerator- those who have it – those who got covid at the wedding Denominator- those who where exposed- everyone who went to then wedding Concept of risk Risk—probability of an adverse event Risk factor: Refers to the specific exposure factor Often external to the individual Attributable risk: Estimate of the disease burden in a population Relative risk ratio: Divide the incidence rate of disease in the exposed population by the incidence rate of disease in the nonexposed population. Prevalence all cases of specific disease or condition in a population at a given time relative to the population at the same point in time - number of people with disease at a specific point in time , influenced by number of people who experience a particular condition and the duration of the condition Incidence The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time. Screening - Identifies risk factors and diseases in earliest stages - Usually secondary prevention activity because indications of disease appear after a pathological change has occurred - Community health nurses conduct screening programs and should consider guidelines when doing so. descriptive epidemiology Focuses on the amount and distribution of health and health problems within a population Analytic epidemiology Investigates the causes of disease by determining why a disease rate is lower in one population group than in another What is a false positive result and what is a false negative result FALSE POSITIVE: If you get swabbed for flu because of having symptoms and test comes back positive EVEN if you don't have it Pregnancy test could come back positive but could be from another reason flu FALSE NEGATIVE: Test comes back negative when you are really positive Mammogram = something is missed and told its negative when you really have it What are retrospective studies? Compare individuals with a particular condition or disease with those who do not have the disease Data collection extends back in time Looking back in time What are prospective studies? monitor a group of disease-free individuals to determine whether and when disease occurs (this cohort have a common experience within a defined period) -EX: if sick from town when child, then sent a letter each year to determine any health changes) Surveillance of community for long term issues Looking into future What is a vector? Any living organism that can carry a disease-producing virus - mosquito, ticks, animals Three topic areas for improved health - immunizations and infectious diseases - STI's - HIV Multicausation Many causes - An infectious agent alone is not sufficient to cause disease; the agent must be transmitted within a conducive environment to a susceptible host Spectrum of infections Not all contact with an infectious agent leads to infection, and not all infection leads to an infectious disease. - Subclinical infection: no overt symptomatic disease (unapparent or asymptomatic) - Infections: entry and multiplication of infectious agent in host - Infectious disease and communicable disease: pathophysiological responses of the host to the infectious agent, manifesting as an illness (considered a case) - Carriers: people who continue to shed infectious agent without any symptoms of disease Stages of infection Latent period Infectious agent has invaded a host and found conditions hospitable to replicate Replication before shedding Communicable period Follows latency Begins with shedding of agent Incubation period Time from invasion to time when disease symptoms first appear May overlap with communicable period Incidence number of new cases Endemic Diseases that diseases that occur at a consistent, expected level in a geographic area Outbreak an unexpected occurrence of an infectious disease in a limited geographic area during a limited period of time Epidemic an unexpected increase of an infectious disease in a geographic area over an extended period of time Pandemic steady occurrence of a disease over a large geographic area or worldwide Six links in the chain of infection 1. Infectious Agent 2. Reservoir 3. Portal of Exit 4. Mode of Transmission 5. Portal of Entry 6. Susceptible Host Modes of transmission Direct or Indirect contact; Direct can be skin to skin or soil to skin and also droplet spread by sneezing, coughing or talking; Indirect can be by vector (insect), vehicle (water, biologic product, fomites) or airborne. Types of Immunity Natural immunity: an innate resistance to a specific antigen or toxin. The body is exposed to a live pathogen. Acquired immunity: derived from actual exposure to specific infectious agent, toxin, or appropriate vaccine Active acquired: body produces its own antibodies Passive acquired: temporary resistance that has been donated to the host Primary vaccine failure: failure of vaccine to stimulate any immune response Secondary vaccine failure: waning of immunity following an initial immune response Herd immunity a state in which those not immune to an infectious agent will be protected if a certain proportion (generally considered to be 80%) of the population has been vaccinated or is otherwise immune Public health control of infectious diseases control, elimination, eradication Control The reduction of incidence (new cases) or prevalence (existing cases) of a given disease to a locally acceptable level as a result of deliberate efforts Elimination - Controlling a disease within a specified geographic area and reducing the prevalence and incidence to near zero - The result of deliberate efforts, but continued intervention measures are required Eradication - Reducing the worldwide incidence of a disease to zero as a function of deliberate efforts (e.g., smallpox in 1977) - No need for further control measures - qqOnly possible under certain conditions Notifiable Infectious Diseases in the United States Vaccine information statements Vaccine Information Statements (VISs) that explain the benefits and risks must be given out before vaccine is administered—a federal law!!) What allergies should be assessed before giving a vaccine? eggs, egg proteins, antibiotics, preservatives, and adjuvants Health care provider responsible for maintaining accurate records of vaccines - Name - Date immunized - Type of vaccine - Vaccine manufacturer - Vaccine lot number - Date of the VIS - Name, title, and address of person administering vaccine Factors that contribute to violence - Poverty, unemployment, economic dependency - Substance abuse - Dysfunctional family and/or social environment and lack of emotional support - Mental Illness - Media influence (e.g., violent video games, television shows, and movies) - Access to firearms - Political and/or religious ideology - Intolerance and ignorance 2nd leading cause of death for 10-34 year olds Suicide Risk factors for suicide - Psychiatric disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder, and/or schizophrenia - Substance abuse - Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - Bulimia or anorexia nervosa - Past history of attempted suicide - Genetic disposition to suicide Age, such as elderly, and white males (highest rate) - Friends that committed suicide Postvention is an intervention conducted after a suicide, largely taking the form of support for the bereaved. Family and friends of the suicide victim may be at increased risk of suicide themselves IPV (intimate partner violence) A pattern of coercive behaviors perpetrated by someone who is or was in an intimate relation with the victim - may include battering, resulting in physical injury, psychological abuse, and sexual assault to progressive social isolation and intimidation of the victim Elders at risk for abuse - In poor physical or mental health - Dependent on others for physical or financial support - Confused, depressed, or socially isolated individuals Three factors influencing violence today 1. Firearms 2. Impact of media 3. Mental illness Prevention of violence Primary prevention Stop violence, abuse, or neglect before it occurs. Secondary prevention Assess, diagnose, and treat victims and perpetrators of violence. Tertiary prevention Rehabilitation of victims and perpetrators of violence Disaster Any event that causes a level of destruction, death, or injury that affects the abilities of the community to respond to the incident using available resources Mass casualty Involves 100+ individuals Multiple casualty Involves 2 to 99 individuals Classifications of victims Direct victim - immediately affected by the event Indirect victim - family member of friend of a victim or first responder Displaced person - Evacuees due to a disaster Refugee- people who flee due to famine, drought, natural disaster, war or civil unrest Types of disasters - Natural disasters - Man-made disasters - NA-TECH (natural/technological disaster) - a natural disaster that creates or results in a widespread technological problem Bioterrorism the use of biological and chemical weapons in terrorist attacks category A bioterrorism Highest priority; easily transmitted with high mortality and social disruption: • Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) • Botulism (botulinum toxin) • Plague (Yersinia pestis) • Smallpox (variola virus) • Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) • Viral hemorrhagic fevers (Ebola, Lassa, and Marburg viruses) Category B bioterrorism Moderately easy to disseminate; high morbidity with low mortality: • Brucellosis (Brucella spp.) • Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens • Food safety threats: • Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.) • Escherichia coli 0157:H7 • Shigellosis (Shigella spp.) • Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) • Melioidosis (Burkholderia mallei) • Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci) • Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) • Ricin toxin • Staphylococcal enterotoxin B • Typhus fever (Rickettsia prowazekii) • Viral encephalitis (alphaviruses) • Water safety threats: • Cholera (Vibrio cholerae) • Cryptosporidium parvum category C bioterrorism Emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination because of availability and ease of production and dissemination Primary prevention of disasters Aimed at preventing the occurrence of a disaster or limiting the consequences when the event itself cannot Secondary prevention of disasters - Implemented once the disaster occurs - Aimed at preventing further injury or destruction - "Safety before search and rescue." What's a go bag and what's in it? Bag if you need to evacuate in case of emergency - Flashlights, matches, Older adult hearing screening Every 2 to 5 years Growing population of homelessness Mental issues in the US SATA Schizophrenia Depression (adults, children, and adolescents) Bipolar disorder Anxiety disorders Eating disorders ADHD/ADD Suicide What is a go kit Three-day supply of nonperishable food • Three-day supply of water—one gallon of water per person, per day • Portable, battery-powered radio or television and extra batteries • Flashlight and extra batteries • First aid kit and manual • Sanitation and hygiene items (moist towelettes and toilet paper) • Matches and waterproof container • Whistle • Extra clothing • Kitchen accessories and cooking utensils, including a can opener • Photocopies of credit and identification cards • Cash and coins • Special needs item, such as prescription medications, eye glasses, contact lens solution, and hearing aid batteries • Items for infants, such as formula, diapers, bottles, and pacifiers • Other items to meet your unique family needs • If you live in a cold climate, you must think about warmth. Be sure to include one complete change of clothing and shoes per person, including: • Jacket or coat • Long pants • Long-sleeve shirt • Sturdy shoes • Hat, mittens, and scarf • Sleeping bag or warm blanket (per person) Risk map geographic map that analyses the impact of the disaster on the population and structures in the community Resource map geographic map outlines resources available if area affected by disaster Vulnerable population is a group of people who, for whatever reason, are not well integrated into the healthcare system because of ethnic, cultural, economic, geographic, or health characteristics Vocational rehabilitation program to retrain workers for new jobs after recovery from a signficant illness Secondary intervention Advocate for services for those with mental illness Tertiary intervention Assist clients in meeting long-term shelter needs Secondary prevention PTSD an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience Inhalation Anthrax Inhalation anthrax is considered to be the most deadly - infection usually develops within a week after exposure, but can take up to 2 months - Symptoms can include fever and chills, chest discomfort SOB, confusion, dizziness cough, N/V or stomach pain headache, sweats, extreme tiredness, bodyaches Combination disaster A NA-TECH (natural/technological) disaster that creates or results in a widespread technological problem Occupation health - Primary prevention level Primary - health promotion and disease prevention - lifestyle changes - One-on-one interaction for evaluating risk reduction behavior Disease prevention - recognize health risks, diseases, or environmental hazards -"walk-throughs" on regular basis and recognize potential and existing hazards agent, host, environment Agent- physical infectious, or chemical factor that causes the disease Host- the living being an agent or the environment influences Environment- setting or surrounding that sustains the host TB drug can cause orange secretions Rifampicin Four stages of emergency management prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery Retrospective studies compare individuals with a particular condition or disease and those who do not have the disease - determine whether cases, or a diseased group, differ in their exposure to a specific factor or characteristic relative to controls, or a nondiseased group Youth risk behavior surveillance survey - Conducted by CDC q2 yrs among selected high school students - info can help improve health education programs in school - determines the prevalence and age of initiation of health risk behaviors Most commonly used and abused drugs among children and adolescents Alcohol Family risk index for children Children with 4 or more are high risk •Child is not living with two Parents or Guardians •Household head is a high school dropout •Family income is below the poverty line •Child is living with parent(s) who does not have steady, full-time employment •Family is receiving welfare benefits •Child does not have health insurance- Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment (EPSDT) service is Medicaid's comprehensive child health program. EPSDT requires states to provide comprehensive preventive, acute, and chronic care services for Medicaid eligible children. •Percentage of children living in "high-risk" families, based on the definition above, is 10% Education needed by school nurse - growth and development - public health - mental health nursing - case management - program management - family theory - leadership - cultural sensitivity Roles of the school nurse •Care provider in the clinic not before or after school •Student advocate •Educator •Community liaison •Case manager •Delegate cares and supervise others •Practice independently as a member of an interdisciplinary team •Conduct research Aggregates are subgroups or subpopulations that have some common characteristics or concerns Ex: pregnant teens within a school district Effective health care delivery systems must - improve health status; - reduce health inequalities; - enhance responsiveness to legitimate expectations; - increase efficiency; - protect individuals, families, and communities from financial loss; and - enhance fairness in healthcare delivery. What is the primary problem seen in Healthy People's emphasis on choosing healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as daily exercise or healthy food choices? Public policy emphasizes personal responsibility but ignores social and environmental changes needed for well-being. How does community health nursing define community? A group of persons who share a common identity and environment Why would a public health nurse want to know about morbidity and mortality statistics on the local, state, and national levels? To be able to observe the community's statistics over time and compare the community with other communities What current emphases are focusing attention on public health? (Select all that apply.) - Liberal politicians encouraging public health as part of a national health reform - Cost containment and managed care models - Increased funding for health promotion and disease prevention - Fear of bioterrorism within our borders Individual responsibility can be assumed for modifiable risk factors, but which risk factors are least subject to modification? Environmental exposure Based on statistics, which group is probably more physically active? - Adults living in the warm climate of the southern United States - A group of highly paid college graduates - A group of high school graduates employed in blue-collar occupations - A group of older adult mall-walkers - A group of highly paid college graduates Which factors have a profound, if sometimes unrecognized, impact on one's health? (Select all that apply.) a. Adequate resources to allow easy access to health services b. Interpersonal relationships with family and friends c. Local, state, and national policies D. Understanding of the need for healthy lifestyle choices e. Physical neighborhood where one works and lives F. Number and quality of healthcare providers within transportation range When would the wheel model of epidemiology be more helpful than the epidemiological triangle model? When there are multiple causes for a chronic disease Which is the most accurate way to explain community health nursing? Focusing care on the community as a whole In what way are the U.S. Census Bureau surveys helpful to a community health nurse? Demographic data suggest distribution of age, sex, race, and ethnicity. A community health nurse determined that the number one priority was to help families in which one member had diabetes. Which decision would be best to maximize services to persons with diabetes? Meet with the diabetic organization to see how the public health department can augment what it is offering. What current issues are leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to reconsider its initial definition of health? (Select all that apply.) - Environmental issues, such as industrial toxins or carcinogenic commercial products - Need to move from containment and treatment to social intervention -Worldwide pandemics, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and swine flu, which require a different approach - Realization that government actions influence the basic human right of health - Global, not local, problems, such as spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria Nurses who are experts in caring for persons with disabilities often have a set of guiding principles or rules. Which might be on such a list? (Select all that apply.) - Know community resources thoroughly. - Support the client's decisions. - Adopt the client's priorities. - When in doubt, listen. Because of county need, a school nurse was transferred from a new suburban school to a large inner-city school in an older, low-income neighborhood. What changes in role might the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.) - Cooperating with the school meal program to be sure fruits and vegetables and other healthy choices are included - Need for lead poisoning screening and education Which definitions of "homeless" are useful when planning care? (Select all that apply.) - Lacking a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence - Living in a place not typically used for human sleeping A community health clinic put a tax levy on the ballot. An angry man asks you, "How can you ask me to pay taxes to buy immunizations for parents who don't want to pay for their kids to get their shots?" What is your response? Only by getting almost everyone immunized can we prevent epidemics that can hurt us all." What are the Department of Health and Human Services' responsibilities in relation to disasters? (Select all that apply.) - Detecting disease outbreaks, their causes and risk factors, and implementing interventions for control - Ensuring that drinking water, food, shelter, and medical care are available to victims Which variables create differences from school to school regarding the health services that are available? (Select all that apply.) - School leadership preferences - Students' needs - State legislative requirements - Community resources 2. increase the proportion of psychologist and social workers 3. balanced nutrition 4. reducing chronic absences 5. reducing bullying what is occupational health? prevention focused based on promotion, protection, maintenance and restoration or workers health and exposure to hazardous things what is the role of a occupational health nurse? 1, oversee health and safety programs 2, health promotion of work related injuries 3. providing framework of levels of promotion of primary prevention