NURS 304 Exam 2 – Questions With
Comprehensive Solutions
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Terms in this set (75)
What are the two main receptors that 1. Chemoreceptors
control breathing? 2. Lung Receptors
What is the difference between Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors vs Lung Receptors? Located: medulla in brainstem, carotid arteries, aorta
Detection: changes in pH, CO2, O2
Lung Receptors
Located: lung + chest walls
Detection: mechanicals changes (breathing patterns,
ling expansion, lung compliance, airway resistance,
respiratory irritants
What is ventilation? movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is respiration? exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
External: gas from exchange from alveoli
Internal: gas exchange from capillaries to tissues
What is the difference between Hypoxemia: low oxygen in the blood
Hypoxemia and Hypoxia?
Hypoxia: low oxygen in the tissues (caused by
hypoxemia or inability for tissues to exchange
oxygen with capillaries)
What are the four scopes of impaired 1. Pulmonary system abnormalities
gas exchange? 2. Pulmonary Circulation
3. CNS
4. Neuromuscular
,What are the subcategories of - structural (Rib fx, kyphosis, pneumothorax,
pulmonary system abnormalities? collection of fluid in pleural space)
- airway inflammation and obstruction (asthma,
foreign object or spasm, swollen tonsils/ epiglottis)
- Alveolar- Capillary membrane disorder (change in
consistency in lung tissues, ARDS, pulmonary fibrosis)
- Atelectasis (pneumonia, tumor)
What are problems related to - PE
pulmonary circulation abnormalities? - pulmonary hypertension
What are problems related to CNS - stroke
abnormalities? - spinal cord injuries
What are problems related to - trauma
Neuromuscular abnormalities? - stroke
- medications
- myasthenia gravis
What is pneumonia? - healthcare, community, or ventilator associated
- when lower respiratory infection invades alveoli -->
atelectasis
- severe respiratory distress, high fever, chest pain,
SOB
What are the risk factors for - developmental stage
pneumonia? - smoking
- environment (stress, allergy, air quality)
- lifestyle
- medications
- underlying diseases
- impaired mobility
- dehydration
, What are the important aspects of Subjective:
assessing oxygenation status? - patient history
- family history
- environmental
- lifestyle
Objective:
- respiration rate + rhythm
- breath patterns + sounds
- oxygenation saturation levels (pulse oximeter)
- pulse rate, rhythm, strength
- blood pressure
- look for retractions, nasal flaring
What are the signs and labs Signs:
associated with hypoxemia? - decreased SpO2
- increased respiratory rate and work of breathing
Labs:
- decrease hemoglobin and hematocrit
- decreased arterial oxygen
- increased arterial carbon dioxide
What are the signs associated with Signs:
hypoxia? - skin + mucus membrane changes (cyanosis, dryness)
- delayed capillary refill
- organ failure (renal)
- increased respiratory rate/depth (increased work of
breathing, necessary position changes)
What are the necessary aspects of Subjective:
cough assessment? - dry, productive or hacking?
- frequency?
- aggravating/alleviating factors?
Objective:
- cough sound on auscultation
- sputum characteristics
Comprehensive Solutions
Save
Terms in this set (75)
What are the two main receptors that 1. Chemoreceptors
control breathing? 2. Lung Receptors
What is the difference between Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors vs Lung Receptors? Located: medulla in brainstem, carotid arteries, aorta
Detection: changes in pH, CO2, O2
Lung Receptors
Located: lung + chest walls
Detection: mechanicals changes (breathing patterns,
ling expansion, lung compliance, airway resistance,
respiratory irritants
What is ventilation? movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is respiration? exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
External: gas from exchange from alveoli
Internal: gas exchange from capillaries to tissues
What is the difference between Hypoxemia: low oxygen in the blood
Hypoxemia and Hypoxia?
Hypoxia: low oxygen in the tissues (caused by
hypoxemia or inability for tissues to exchange
oxygen with capillaries)
What are the four scopes of impaired 1. Pulmonary system abnormalities
gas exchange? 2. Pulmonary Circulation
3. CNS
4. Neuromuscular
,What are the subcategories of - structural (Rib fx, kyphosis, pneumothorax,
pulmonary system abnormalities? collection of fluid in pleural space)
- airway inflammation and obstruction (asthma,
foreign object or spasm, swollen tonsils/ epiglottis)
- Alveolar- Capillary membrane disorder (change in
consistency in lung tissues, ARDS, pulmonary fibrosis)
- Atelectasis (pneumonia, tumor)
What are problems related to - PE
pulmonary circulation abnormalities? - pulmonary hypertension
What are problems related to CNS - stroke
abnormalities? - spinal cord injuries
What are problems related to - trauma
Neuromuscular abnormalities? - stroke
- medications
- myasthenia gravis
What is pneumonia? - healthcare, community, or ventilator associated
- when lower respiratory infection invades alveoli -->
atelectasis
- severe respiratory distress, high fever, chest pain,
SOB
What are the risk factors for - developmental stage
pneumonia? - smoking
- environment (stress, allergy, air quality)
- lifestyle
- medications
- underlying diseases
- impaired mobility
- dehydration
, What are the important aspects of Subjective:
assessing oxygenation status? - patient history
- family history
- environmental
- lifestyle
Objective:
- respiration rate + rhythm
- breath patterns + sounds
- oxygenation saturation levels (pulse oximeter)
- pulse rate, rhythm, strength
- blood pressure
- look for retractions, nasal flaring
What are the signs and labs Signs:
associated with hypoxemia? - decreased SpO2
- increased respiratory rate and work of breathing
Labs:
- decrease hemoglobin and hematocrit
- decreased arterial oxygen
- increased arterial carbon dioxide
What are the signs associated with Signs:
hypoxia? - skin + mucus membrane changes (cyanosis, dryness)
- delayed capillary refill
- organ failure (renal)
- increased respiratory rate/depth (increased work of
breathing, necessary position changes)
What are the necessary aspects of Subjective:
cough assessment? - dry, productive or hacking?
- frequency?
- aggravating/alleviating factors?
Objective:
- cough sound on auscultation
- sputum characteristics
