NSG 207 Exam 6 UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER Uncontrolled cell division that invades surrounding
tissues and can metastasize.
Primary hallmark of cancer - CORRECT ANSWER Uncontrolled cell division due to
imbalance between progrowth and antigrowth signals.
Benign tumor - CORRECT ANSWER Encapsulated, slow-growing, well-differentiated
tumor that does not invade or metastasize.
Malignant tumor - CORRECT ANSWER Rapid-growing, anaplastic, invasive tumor
capable of metastasis.
Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER Spread of cancer cells to distant organs via blood or
lymphatics.
Carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer arising from epithelial tissue.
Squamous cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer from squamous epithelial
cells.
Adenocarcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer from glandular epithelial cells.
Sarcoma - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer from connective tissue.
Lymphoma - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer from lymphoid tissue.
Leukemia - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer of blood-forming bone marrow cells.
, Carcinoma in situ (CIS) - CORRECT ANSWER Malignant cells confined to epithelial
layer without invasion of basement membrane.
PAP smear - CORRECT ANSWER Screening test detecting cervical cellular atypia and
carcinoma in situ.
Proto-oncogene - CORRECT ANSWER Normal gene promoting controlled cell
growth and division.
Oncogene - CORRECT ANSWER Mutated proto-oncogene causing uncontrolled
proliferation.
Tumor-suppressor gene - CORRECT ANSWER Gene that inhibits cell division and
promotes DNA repair or apoptosis.
p53 - CORRECT ANSWER Tumor-suppressor gene that repairs DNA or induces
apoptosis; most commonly mutated in cancer.
BRCA1 - CORRECT ANSWER Inherited tumor-suppressor gene involved in DNA
repair; mutation increases breast and ovarian cancer risk.
BRCA2 - CORRECT ANSWER Inherited tumor-suppressor gene increasing risk for
breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer.
Clonal selection - CORRECT ANSWER Process by which mutated cells with growth
advantage outcompete others.
Clonal expansion - CORRECT ANSWER Proliferation of selected cancer cell clone
with additional mutations.
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER Uncontrolled cell division that invades surrounding
tissues and can metastasize.
Primary hallmark of cancer - CORRECT ANSWER Uncontrolled cell division due to
imbalance between progrowth and antigrowth signals.
Benign tumor - CORRECT ANSWER Encapsulated, slow-growing, well-differentiated
tumor that does not invade or metastasize.
Malignant tumor - CORRECT ANSWER Rapid-growing, anaplastic, invasive tumor
capable of metastasis.
Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER Spread of cancer cells to distant organs via blood or
lymphatics.
Carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer arising from epithelial tissue.
Squamous cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer from squamous epithelial
cells.
Adenocarcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer from glandular epithelial cells.
Sarcoma - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer from connective tissue.
Lymphoma - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer from lymphoid tissue.
Leukemia - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer of blood-forming bone marrow cells.
, Carcinoma in situ (CIS) - CORRECT ANSWER Malignant cells confined to epithelial
layer without invasion of basement membrane.
PAP smear - CORRECT ANSWER Screening test detecting cervical cellular atypia and
carcinoma in situ.
Proto-oncogene - CORRECT ANSWER Normal gene promoting controlled cell
growth and division.
Oncogene - CORRECT ANSWER Mutated proto-oncogene causing uncontrolled
proliferation.
Tumor-suppressor gene - CORRECT ANSWER Gene that inhibits cell division and
promotes DNA repair or apoptosis.
p53 - CORRECT ANSWER Tumor-suppressor gene that repairs DNA or induces
apoptosis; most commonly mutated in cancer.
BRCA1 - CORRECT ANSWER Inherited tumor-suppressor gene involved in DNA
repair; mutation increases breast and ovarian cancer risk.
BRCA2 - CORRECT ANSWER Inherited tumor-suppressor gene increasing risk for
breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer.
Clonal selection - CORRECT ANSWER Process by which mutated cells with growth
advantage outcompete others.
Clonal expansion - CORRECT ANSWER Proliferation of selected cancer cell clone
with additional mutations.
