Patho and HCD exam 3 fluids and electrolytes Questions
With Complete Solutions
nursing management of hypernatremia
. treat underlying cause
. primary water deficit - replace fluid orally or IV with isotonic
or hypotonic fluids
. dilute with sodium-free IV fluids
. promote sodium excretion with diuretics
. limit sodium intake
types of hyponatremia
. euvolemic
. hypervolemic
. hypovolemic
. pseudo
. translocaitonal
Euvolemic hyponatremia
normal body sodium with increase in total body water
hypervolemic hyponatremia
increase in total body sodium with greater increases in total
body water
hypovolemic hyponatremia
decrease in total body water with greater decrease in total body
sodium
,pseudo hyponatremia
lab abnormality defined by a serum sodium of less than 135
mEq/L in a setting of a normal serum osmolality
translocational hyponatremia
serum sodium fall about 1.6 mEq/L for every 100 mg/dL rise in
serum glucose
hyponatremia results from
. loss of sodium-containing fluids and/or from water excess
clinical manifestations of hyponatremia
. Mild- headache, irritability, difficulty concentration
. Most severe- confusion, vomitting, seizures, coma
nursing management for hyponatremia
. if the cause is water excess, fluid restriction may be only
treatment, loop diuretic, severe symptoms (seizure)
. if the cause is abnormal fluid loss, fluid replace with isotonic
sodium-containing solution, encourage oral intake, withhold
diuretics
potassium is necessary for
. resting membrane potential of nerve and muscle cells
. regulates intracellular osmolality
. promotes cellular growth
. maintenance of cardiac rhythm
. acid base balance
sources of potassium
, . protein rich foods
. fruit and vegetables
. salt substitutes
. potassium medications
. stored blood
potassium is regulated by ____
kidneys
etiology of hypokalemia
. inadequate intake
. losses
. increased loss of K+ via the kidneys or GI tract
. increased shift of k+ from ECF to ICF
. decreased dietary K+
. renal losses from loop or potassium depleting diuresis
. low magnesium level
clinical manifestation of hypokalemia
. renal RT impaired ability to concentrate urine (polyuria,
polydipsia, low urine specific gravity)
. GI (anorexia, N/V, constipation, abdominal distention)
. Neuromuscular (muscle cramps, weakness, tenderness,
paralysis, EKG changes, decreased DTRs)
. CNS (confusion, depression)
. cardiac function (EKG changes)
. hyperglycemia
etiology of hyperkalemia
With Complete Solutions
nursing management of hypernatremia
. treat underlying cause
. primary water deficit - replace fluid orally or IV with isotonic
or hypotonic fluids
. dilute with sodium-free IV fluids
. promote sodium excretion with diuretics
. limit sodium intake
types of hyponatremia
. euvolemic
. hypervolemic
. hypovolemic
. pseudo
. translocaitonal
Euvolemic hyponatremia
normal body sodium with increase in total body water
hypervolemic hyponatremia
increase in total body sodium with greater increases in total
body water
hypovolemic hyponatremia
decrease in total body water with greater decrease in total body
sodium
,pseudo hyponatremia
lab abnormality defined by a serum sodium of less than 135
mEq/L in a setting of a normal serum osmolality
translocational hyponatremia
serum sodium fall about 1.6 mEq/L for every 100 mg/dL rise in
serum glucose
hyponatremia results from
. loss of sodium-containing fluids and/or from water excess
clinical manifestations of hyponatremia
. Mild- headache, irritability, difficulty concentration
. Most severe- confusion, vomitting, seizures, coma
nursing management for hyponatremia
. if the cause is water excess, fluid restriction may be only
treatment, loop diuretic, severe symptoms (seizure)
. if the cause is abnormal fluid loss, fluid replace with isotonic
sodium-containing solution, encourage oral intake, withhold
diuretics
potassium is necessary for
. resting membrane potential of nerve and muscle cells
. regulates intracellular osmolality
. promotes cellular growth
. maintenance of cardiac rhythm
. acid base balance
sources of potassium
, . protein rich foods
. fruit and vegetables
. salt substitutes
. potassium medications
. stored blood
potassium is regulated by ____
kidneys
etiology of hypokalemia
. inadequate intake
. losses
. increased loss of K+ via the kidneys or GI tract
. increased shift of k+ from ECF to ICF
. decreased dietary K+
. renal losses from loop or potassium depleting diuresis
. low magnesium level
clinical manifestation of hypokalemia
. renal RT impaired ability to concentrate urine (polyuria,
polydipsia, low urine specific gravity)
. GI (anorexia, N/V, constipation, abdominal distention)
. Neuromuscular (muscle cramps, weakness, tenderness,
paralysis, EKG changes, decreased DTRs)
. CNS (confusion, depression)
. cardiac function (EKG changes)
. hyperglycemia
etiology of hyperkalemia
