# TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. **Grammar Essentials**
- Tenses (with timeline)
- Subject-Verb Agreement
- Common Errors
2. **Writing Skills**
- Essay Structure (P.E.E.L.)
- Types of Essays (Narrative, Descriptive, Argumentative)
- Useful Phrases & Transitions
3. **Reading Comprehension**
- How to Approach Passages
- Question Types & Strategies
- Inference Skills
4. **Vocabulary Builder**
- 50 High-Level Words (with definitions & examples)
- Synonyms for Common Words
- Idioms & Proverbs
5. **Exam Tips**
- Time Management
- Common Traps
- Last-Minute Revision
---
# SECTION 1: GRAMMAR ESSENTIALS
---
## 1.1 Tenses – The Timeline
| Tense | When to Use | Example |
|-------|-------------|---------|
| **Present Simple** | Facts, routines, habits | *She plays marimba every day.* |
| **Present Continuous** | Happening now, temporary actions | *She is playing marimba right
now.* |
| **Present Perfect** | Past action with result now; experience; unfinished time | *She has played
marimba for 5 years.* |
, | **Past Simple** | Completed action at a specific time | *She played marimba yesterday.* |
| **Past Continuous** | Action in progress at a past time | *She was playing when I called.* |
| **Past Perfect** | Action before another past action | *She had played before the concert
started.* |
| **Future Simple** | Prediction, spontaneous decision | *She will play at the concert.* |
| **Going to** | Plan, prediction with evidence | *She is going to play Ghibli songs.* |
---
### Timeline Visual
```
Past Perfect ----- Past Simple ----- Present ----- Future
| | | |
Had played Played Plays Will play
```
---
## 1.2 Subject-Verb Agreement – The Golden Rule
**Rule:** Singular subject → singular verb
Plural subject → plural verb
| Subject | Verb |
|---------|------|
| He / She / It | **adds -s / -es** |
| I / You / We / They | **base form** |
### Common Mistakes
|❌ Wrong | ✅ Correct |
|----------|-----------|
| *The students was late.* | *The students **were** late.* |
| *Everyone have a book.* | *Everyone **has** a book.* |
| *Neither of them are here.* | *Neither of them **is** here.* |
---
## 1.3 Common Grammar Errors to Avoid
| Error | Explanation | Fix |
|-------|-------------|-----|
| **Your vs. You're** | Your = possession; You're = you are | *Your book. You're smart.* |
1. **Grammar Essentials**
- Tenses (with timeline)
- Subject-Verb Agreement
- Common Errors
2. **Writing Skills**
- Essay Structure (P.E.E.L.)
- Types of Essays (Narrative, Descriptive, Argumentative)
- Useful Phrases & Transitions
3. **Reading Comprehension**
- How to Approach Passages
- Question Types & Strategies
- Inference Skills
4. **Vocabulary Builder**
- 50 High-Level Words (with definitions & examples)
- Synonyms for Common Words
- Idioms & Proverbs
5. **Exam Tips**
- Time Management
- Common Traps
- Last-Minute Revision
---
# SECTION 1: GRAMMAR ESSENTIALS
---
## 1.1 Tenses – The Timeline
| Tense | When to Use | Example |
|-------|-------------|---------|
| **Present Simple** | Facts, routines, habits | *She plays marimba every day.* |
| **Present Continuous** | Happening now, temporary actions | *She is playing marimba right
now.* |
| **Present Perfect** | Past action with result now; experience; unfinished time | *She has played
marimba for 5 years.* |
, | **Past Simple** | Completed action at a specific time | *She played marimba yesterday.* |
| **Past Continuous** | Action in progress at a past time | *She was playing when I called.* |
| **Past Perfect** | Action before another past action | *She had played before the concert
started.* |
| **Future Simple** | Prediction, spontaneous decision | *She will play at the concert.* |
| **Going to** | Plan, prediction with evidence | *She is going to play Ghibli songs.* |
---
### Timeline Visual
```
Past Perfect ----- Past Simple ----- Present ----- Future
| | | |
Had played Played Plays Will play
```
---
## 1.2 Subject-Verb Agreement – The Golden Rule
**Rule:** Singular subject → singular verb
Plural subject → plural verb
| Subject | Verb |
|---------|------|
| He / She / It | **adds -s / -es** |
| I / You / We / They | **base form** |
### Common Mistakes
|❌ Wrong | ✅ Correct |
|----------|-----------|
| *The students was late.* | *The students **were** late.* |
| *Everyone have a book.* | *Everyone **has** a book.* |
| *Neither of them are here.* | *Neither of them **is** here.* |
---
## 1.3 Common Grammar Errors to Avoid
| Error | Explanation | Fix |
|-------|-------------|-----|
| **Your vs. You're** | Your = possession; You're = you are | *Your book. You're smart.* |
