QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉Intrinsic renal disease. Answer: Glomerulonephritis
◉White casts. Answer: Infection in nephron
Pyelonephritis
◉Urine transitional cells. Answer: Round pear central nucleus and
swell
Renal carcinoma
◉Urine renal tubular cells. Answer: Most significant
Round eccentric nucleus
Tubular necrosis
Renal tubules
◉Urine oval fat bodies. Answer: Refractile droplets
Nephrotic syndrome
Maltese cross
,Sudan 3 or oil red
◉Granular cast. Answer: Renal disease
Not good if they are broad from collecting ducts
◉Normal alkaline crystals. Answer: Amorphous phosphates
Triple phosphate
Ammonium biurate
Calcium carbonate
◉Normal acidic crystals. Answer: Amorphous urates
Utica acid
Calcium oxalate
◉triple phosphate. Answer: coffin lid
Alkaline
◉Ammonium biurate crystals. Answer: thorny apple appearance
Alkaline
◉calcium carbonate. Answer: Dumbbell
Alkaline
, ◉Amorphous phosphates. Answer: This alkaline crystal is shapeless
and resembles sand.
Old urine
◉Amorphous urates. Answer: Brick dust/yellowish-brown granules,
often in clumps
in acidic urine
◉uric acid crystals. Answer: Gout
Rhomboid or diamond shaped
◉calcium oxalate. Answer: most common type of kidney stone
Envelopes
Antifreeze poisoning
Cross
◉Bilirubin crystals. Answer: Clusters of fine needles
Abnormal
◉Cystine crystals. Answer: hexagonal
Abnormal