MGT 6615 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

MGT 6615 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 What 3 themes dominated leadership definition in the 1950s? - AnswersGroup Theory Leadership as a relationship Effectiveness Leadership of the 1970s focused on what? - AnswersOrganizational Behavior Authentic Leadership - AnswersA style in which the leader is true to himself or herself while leading Spiritual Leadership - AnswersLeaders use values, a sense of "calling," and membership to motivate followers Servant Leadership - AnswersFocuses on providing increased service to others—meeting the goals of both followers and the organization—rather than to oneself. Adaptive Leadership - Answersleaders encourage followers to adapt by confronting and solving problems, challenges, and changes Followership - AnswersThe role followers play in the leadership process Discursive Leadership - AnswersLeadership is created not so much through leader traits, skills, and behaviors, but through communication practices that are negotiated between leader and follower What 4 components are central to leadership? - Answers1. Leadership is a process 2. Leadership involves influence 3. Leadership occurs in groups 4. Leadership involves common goals Definition of Leadership - AnswersA process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal What is the context in which leadership takes place? - AnswersIn groups Trait Leadership - Answerscertain individuals have special innate characteristics or qualities that differentiate them from non-leaders Social Identity Theory - AnswersThe degree to which a person fits with the identity of the group as a whole Referent Power - AnswersPower that comes from subordinates' and coworkers' respect, admiration, and loyalty Expert Power - AnswersBased on followers' perceptions of the leader's competence Legitimate Power - AnswersPower as a result of status or job authority Reward Power - Answerspower that comes from the ability to provide rewards or favors Coercive Power - AnswersDerived from having the capacity to penalize or punish others Information Power - AnswersDerived from possessing knowledge that others want or need Two major kinds of power: - AnswersPosition & Personal Position power includes which types of power? - AnswersLegitimate Reward Coercive Information Personal power includes which types of power? - AnswersReferent & Expert Position Power - Answersinfluence derived from one's formal structural position in the organization Personal Power - AnswersThe influence capacity a leader derives from being seen by followers as likable and knowledgeable Classification system of moral reasoning - AnswersStage 1—Obedience and Punishment Stage 2—Individualism and Exchange Stage 3—Interpersonal Accord and Conformity Stage 4—Maintaining the Social Order Stage 5—Social Contract and Individual Rights Stage 6—Universal Principles Who designed the classification of moral reasoning? - AnswersKohlberg Preconventional Morality - AnswersJudging the morality of an action by its direct consequences. Reasoning based on self-interest, punishment, and reward Conventional Morality - AnswersJudging the morality of actions by comparing them to society's views and expectation Postconventional Morality - Answersindividuals have developed their own personal set of ethics and morals that guide their behavior. Reasoning is based on conscience and creating a just society Ethical theories fall within which two domains? - AnswersConduct & Character Conduct is divided into what two kinds? - AnswersConsequences & Duties Teleological Theories - Answersfocus on the consequences or results of the actions they produce 3 Teleological Approaches - AnswersEthical Egoism Utilitarianism Altruism Ethical Egoism - AnswersDecisions are based on what is best for the individual making the decision Utilitarianism - AnswersWe should behave so as to create the greatest good for the greatest number "Maximizes social benefits while minimizing social costs" would be an example of which Teleological Approach? - AnswersUtilitarianism Altruism - AnswersActions are moral if their primary purpose is to promote the best interests of others Deontological Theory - AnswersPeople should adhere to their obligations and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma Virtue-Based Theories - AnswersMoral theories that focus on good and bad persons or character Heifetz's Perspective on Ethical Leadership - AnswersLeaders help followers to confront conflict and to address conflict by effecting changes Burns's Perspective on Ethical Leadership - AnswersInvolves attempts by leaders to move followers to higher standards of moral responsibility Followers of destructive leaders are of what two types of people? - AnswersConformers & Colluders 5 Principles of Ethical Leadership - AnswersRespect Service Justice Honesty Community Servant Leadership Approach - AnswersEmphasizes that leaders should be attentive to the concerns of their followers and should take care of them and nurture them Which three leadership theories focus on ethics? - AnswersServant Transformational Authentic What was one of the first systematic attempts to study leadership? - AnswersTrait Approach "Great Man" Theories - AnswersFocus on identifying the innate qualities and characteristics possessed by great social, political, and military leaders Trait Theory of Leadership - AnswersLeadership depends on what traits leaders exhibit and who has these traits 5 Major Leadership Traits - AnswersDetermination Integrity Intelligence Self-confidence Sociability How can high intelligence be counterproductive for leaders? - AnswersLeaders with higher abilities may have difficulty communicating with followers because their ideas are too advanced for their followers to accept What is the optimal IQ for perceived leadership? - AnswersOne standard deviation above the mean IQ of the group Self-Confidence - AnswersThe ability to be certain about one's competencies and skills Determination - AnswersThe desire to get the job done Integrity - AnswersHonesty and trustworthiness Sociability - AnswersInclination to seek out pleasant social relationships Which Big 5 dimension is most strongly related with leadership? - AnswersExtraversion How is agreeableness related to leadership? - AnswersWeak relationship Which Big 5 dimension is most strongly correlated with overall job performance? - AnswersConscientiousness Strengths - AnswersAn attribute or quality of an individual that accounts for successful performance Emotional Intelligence - AnswersAbility to effectively manage emotions within oneself and in relationships with others MSCEIT (Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence test) - AnswersMeasures emotional intelligence as a set of mental abilities Shankman and Allen developed a practice-oriented model of emotionally intelligent leadership, which suggests that leaders must be conscious of what three fundamentals? - AnswersContext, self, and others Strengths of the Trait Approach - AnswersIntuitively appealing Centuries of research Focuses solely on the leader Weaknesses of Trait Approach - AnswersFailure to define a definitive list of leadership traits Fails to take situations into account Highly subjective Not useful in training/development off leaders Skills Approach to Leadership - AnswersKnowledge and abilities are needed for effective leadership and can be developed Katz suggests that effective administration depends on what 3 basic skills? - AnswersTechnical Human Conceptual Skills vs Traits - AnswersSkills are what leaders can accomplish, whereas traits are who leaders are Skills - AnswersAbility to use one's knowledge and competencies to accomplish a set of goals or objectives Technical Skills - Answersknowledge about and proficiency in a specific type of work or activity Human Skills - AnswersKnowledge about and ability to work with people Skills needed for Top Management - AnswersHuman & Conceptual Skills Needed for Middle Management - AnswersEqual parts Human, Conceptual, and Technical Skills needed for Supervisory (Lower Level) Management - AnswersTechnical & Human Conceptual Skills - AnswersThe mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations What skill is central to creating a vision and strategic plan for an organization? - AnswersConceptual Skills Skills Model - AnswersExamines the relationship between a leader's knowledge and skills and the leader's performance The Skills Model is what type of model? - AnswersCapability model 5 components of the Skills Based Model - AnswersCompetencies Individual attributes Leadership outcomes Career experiences Environmental influences What 3 competencies are the heart of the Skills Based Model? - AnswersProblem-solving skills Social judgment skills Knowledge Problem Solving Skills - AnswersA leader's creative ability to solve new and unusual, ill-defined organizational problems Problem Definition - AnswersProblem solving skill - The ability to define noteworthy issues or significant problems affecting the organization Cause/goal analysis - AnswersThe ability to analyze the causes and goals relevant to addressing problems Constraint Analysis - AnswersThe ability to identify the constraints, or limiting factors, influencing any problem solution Forecasting - Answersthe ability to anticipate the implications of executing the plans Creative Thinking - Answersthe ability to develop alternative approaches and new ideas for addressing potential pitfalls of a plan identified in forecasting Social Judgement Skills - AnswersMuch like Katz Human Skills - The capacity to understand people and social systems Perspective Taking - AnswersUnderstanding the attitudes that others have toward a particular problem or solution Social Perceptiveness - AnswersInsight and awareness into how others in the organization function Behavior Flexibility - Answersthe ability to use a number of different behaviors depending on the situation Social Performance - AnswersBeing able to communicate one's own vision to others while keeping their perspective in mind Knowledge - AnswersThe accumulation of information and the mental structures used to organize that information Schema - Answersa conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world What are the four individual attributes that have an impact on leadership skills? - AnswersGeneral Cognitive Ability Crystallized Cognitive Ability Motivation Personality Fluid Intelligence - AnswersIntelligence that usually grows and expands up through early adulthood and then declines with age General Cognitive Ability - AnswersGeneral intelligence that is linked to biology rather than experience Crystallized Cognitive Ability - AnswersIntellectual ability that is learned or acquired over time 3 aspects of motivation - AnswersWillingness, dominance, and social good Effective problem solving and performance are the outcomes of what? - AnswersLeadership Performance - AnswersThe degree to which a leader has successfully performed the assigned duties. Types of Environmental influence - AnswersInternal & External Environmental Influences - AnswersFactors that lie outside the leader's competencies, characteristics, and experiences Internal Environmental Influences - AnswersOutdated technology, facilities, expertise of subordinates, and communication External Environmental Influences - AnswersEconomic, political, or social issues; natural disasters Criticisms of the skills model - AnswersDoes not explain how skills lead to effective leadership performance Use of individual attributes is closely related to trait theory Behavioral Approach to Leadership - AnswersFocuses exclusively on what leaders do and how they act According to the behavioral approach, leadership is composed of what two kinds of behaviors? - AnswersTask behaviors and Relationship behaviors Task behaviors facilitate what? - AnswersGoal acccomplishments Relationship Behaviors - AnswersHelp followers feel comfortable with themselves, with each other, and with the situation in which they find themselves Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ) - AnswersA questionnaire developed in the Ohio State studies used to measure perceptions of a leader's style by his or her subordinates The Ohio State studies viewed what two behaviors as independent? - AnswersProviding structure & nurture; meaning that a leader could be high in both The Michigan State studies identified what two types of leadership behaviors? - AnswersEmployee orientation & production orientation How do the Michigan Studies differ from the Ohio State studies? - AnswersOriginally the MS studies theorized that the two leadership behaviors were not independent of each other, but actually on a continuum. What is the best known model of managerial behavior? - AnswersManagerial/Leadership Grid The Leadership Grid focuses on what two factors? - AnswersConcern for production & concern for people According to the Leadership Grid, what are the 5 major leadership styles? - AnswersAuthority-compliance (9,1) Country-club management (1,9) Impoverished management (1,1) Middle-of-the-road management (5,5) Team management (9,9) Impoverished Management - Answersexertion of minimum effort to get required work done is appropriate to sustain organization membership Country Club Management - AnswersThoughtful attention to the needs of people to satisfy relationships leads to a comfortable, friendly organization atmosphere and work tempo. Team Management - Answerswork accomplishment is from committed people; interdependence through a common stake in organization purpose leads to relationships of trust and respect Middle of the Road Management - Answersadequate organization performance is possible through balancing the necessity to get out work with maintaining morale of people at a satisfactory level