SURGERY EOR ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
• _______is strong nonperistaltic contractions of the esophageal body;
sphincter function usually normal. Sx are spontaneous chest pain that
radiates to the back, ears, neck, jaw, or arms. An UGI series shows what?.
Answer: Esophageal spasm; "corkscrew esophagus"
• Dialysis is needed when approximately _____or more of kidney function is
lost..
Answer: 90%
• Signs of ___are upon auscultation of the carotid and subclavian arteries --
reveals audible bruit in the neck. What is the diagnostic study of choice?.
Answer: carotid disease; Doppler ultrasound
• Dialysis vascular access: _________is the preferred access method. Creates
a direct connection between an artery and vein. Located under skin usually
in lower arm. Created 2-4 months before it will be used..
Answer: AV (arteriovenous) fistula
• Monitoring of the tumor marker ____ is useful in colorectal cancer.
________involvement is the most important prognostic variable..
Answer: CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen); lymph node involvement
• What type of BCC is the most common? Appearance?.
Answer: nodular bcc; pearly white or pink dome shaped papule w overlying
telangiectasias, ulceration, raised borders, bleeding, scaling
• In patients with known cardiac disease, aggressive intraoperative lowering
of myocardial oxygen demand with ____ has been shown in RCT's to
improve outcomes and should be used..
Answer: beta blockers
• Because the ________is often sacrificed during AAA repair, colonic
ischemia can occur..
, Answer: IMA - inferior mesenteric artery
• What is Beck's triad of cardiac tamponade?.
Answer: muffled heart sounds, JVD, hypotension
• What are some acute dyspnea on exertion causes?.
Answer: angioedema, anaphylaxis, foreign objects, airway trauma,
pulmonary infection, pleural effusion, peritonitis/ruptured viscous, bowel
obstruction
• The d/d for ________is diverticulosis, diverticulitis, colon polyps, colorectal
carcinoma, UC, Chron's, cancer, hemorrhoids..
Answer: melena, hematochezia
• ________syndrome is not only loosing protein but also blood cells.
Characterized by pores in the podocytes of the glomerulus large enough to
permit protein and RBCc to pass into urine ie. CASTS. What is the main
cause?.
Answer: Nephritic syndrome; streptococcal glomerulonephritis and
crescentic (acute) glomerulonephritis
• _________represent 1/2 of all small intestine malignancies. The most
common site is the duodenum. What is the surgical management?.
Answer: Adenocarcinomas; wide resection of the involved bowel with wide
margins --- adjuvant therapy poor response -- low survival rate due to
delayed/advance disease at diagnosis
• _______is a separation of the walls of the aorta from an intimal tear and
disease of the tunica media; a false lumen is formed and a "reentry" tear may
occur, resulting in a "double barrel" aorta..
Answer: Aortic dissection
• A ___is a combination of a direct and indirect hernia that straddles the
inferior epigastric vessels..
Answer: Pantaloon
• Cardiac syncope's onset is usually ____without a prodrome. Monitor vitals
, regularly, EKG, orthostatic challenge, neuro exam etc..
Answer: sudden
• Causes of orthostatic hypotension.
Answer: dehydration, heart conditions, endocrine (addisons disease,
hypoglycemia, DM), nervous system disorders (Parkinsons, multiple system
atrophy, Lewy body dementia, pure autonomic failure, amyloidosis), meds
(diuretics, alpha blockers, beta blockers, CCB, ACE inhibitors, nitrates)
• A ________is when the stomach herniates through the hiatus of diaphragm
into the chest. Results from continued shortening of the esophagus as a
result of repeated muscle contraction..
Answer: hiatal hernia
• _______syndrome is injury to the cervical sympathetic chain: Miosis,
Anhydrosis of ipsilateral face, ptosis (MAP).
Answer: Horner's
• The treatment of ________is with stone extraction and/or decompression,
laparotomy with T tube placement, NPO, IVF, broad spectrum abx..
Answer: cholangitis
• __________is pain, cramping, or both of the lower extremity (usually calf
muscle) after walking a specific distance; then resolves for a specific
amount of time while standing..
Answer: Claudication
• Anemia is evaluated by measuring ________..
Answer: MCV - mean corpuscular volume
• distributed shock presents with.
Answer: warm, flushed skin, tachy, hypotensive
• What is the most common cause of aortic dissection..
Answer: HTN!
• Benign small bowel tumors - _____is typically isolated and asymptomatic,
bleeding or intussusception potential, multiple ones may be present in
, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome..
Answer: Hamartomas
• What is the initial diagnostic evaluation for nephrolithiasis?.
Answer: ultrasound - or CT scan
• Most edema (causes - CHF, meds, pregnancy, cirrhosis, kidney dz,
lymphatic deficiency, lower extremity vein injury or weakness) is treatment
with _____. Home remedies are elevation, movement, massage etc..
Answer: diuretics
• _______is hypertrophy of the smooth muscle of the pylorus, resulting in
obstruction of outflow. Who is affected most commonly?.
Answer: Pyloric stenosis; 1st born males
• The d/d for ________is gastric cancer, gastroenteritis, influenza,
pneumonia, infectious disease illness..
Answer: anorexia
• What are the classic s/s of a pheochromocytoma?.
Answer: palpitations, headache, episodic diaphoresis, HTN (most common
sign!)
• What are the tumor markers for testicular carcinoma?.
Answer: B-hcg, alpha fetoprotein, lactic dehydrogenase
• ________syndrome is often exhibited by episodic cutaneous flushing,
bronchospasm, intestinal cramping, diarrhea, vasomotor instability,
pellagra-like skin lesions, and right sided heart disease. What are triggers?.
Answer: Carcinoid; elaboration of serotonin by tumor (spontaneous,
excitement, alcohol, anesthesia, tumor manipulation)
• ______ results from spontaneous perforation of the esophagus after a
sudden increase in intraesophageal pressure combined with negative
intrathoracic pressure..
Answer: Boerhaave syndrome
• Dysuria: Pain starting at the start of urination may indicate ____pathology,
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
• _______is strong nonperistaltic contractions of the esophageal body;
sphincter function usually normal. Sx are spontaneous chest pain that
radiates to the back, ears, neck, jaw, or arms. An UGI series shows what?.
Answer: Esophageal spasm; "corkscrew esophagus"
• Dialysis is needed when approximately _____or more of kidney function is
lost..
Answer: 90%
• Signs of ___are upon auscultation of the carotid and subclavian arteries --
reveals audible bruit in the neck. What is the diagnostic study of choice?.
Answer: carotid disease; Doppler ultrasound
• Dialysis vascular access: _________is the preferred access method. Creates
a direct connection between an artery and vein. Located under skin usually
in lower arm. Created 2-4 months before it will be used..
Answer: AV (arteriovenous) fistula
• Monitoring of the tumor marker ____ is useful in colorectal cancer.
________involvement is the most important prognostic variable..
Answer: CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen); lymph node involvement
• What type of BCC is the most common? Appearance?.
Answer: nodular bcc; pearly white or pink dome shaped papule w overlying
telangiectasias, ulceration, raised borders, bleeding, scaling
• In patients with known cardiac disease, aggressive intraoperative lowering
of myocardial oxygen demand with ____ has been shown in RCT's to
improve outcomes and should be used..
Answer: beta blockers
• Because the ________is often sacrificed during AAA repair, colonic
ischemia can occur..
, Answer: IMA - inferior mesenteric artery
• What is Beck's triad of cardiac tamponade?.
Answer: muffled heart sounds, JVD, hypotension
• What are some acute dyspnea on exertion causes?.
Answer: angioedema, anaphylaxis, foreign objects, airway trauma,
pulmonary infection, pleural effusion, peritonitis/ruptured viscous, bowel
obstruction
• The d/d for ________is diverticulosis, diverticulitis, colon polyps, colorectal
carcinoma, UC, Chron's, cancer, hemorrhoids..
Answer: melena, hematochezia
• ________syndrome is not only loosing protein but also blood cells.
Characterized by pores in the podocytes of the glomerulus large enough to
permit protein and RBCc to pass into urine ie. CASTS. What is the main
cause?.
Answer: Nephritic syndrome; streptococcal glomerulonephritis and
crescentic (acute) glomerulonephritis
• _________represent 1/2 of all small intestine malignancies. The most
common site is the duodenum. What is the surgical management?.
Answer: Adenocarcinomas; wide resection of the involved bowel with wide
margins --- adjuvant therapy poor response -- low survival rate due to
delayed/advance disease at diagnosis
• _______is a separation of the walls of the aorta from an intimal tear and
disease of the tunica media; a false lumen is formed and a "reentry" tear may
occur, resulting in a "double barrel" aorta..
Answer: Aortic dissection
• A ___is a combination of a direct and indirect hernia that straddles the
inferior epigastric vessels..
Answer: Pantaloon
• Cardiac syncope's onset is usually ____without a prodrome. Monitor vitals
, regularly, EKG, orthostatic challenge, neuro exam etc..
Answer: sudden
• Causes of orthostatic hypotension.
Answer: dehydration, heart conditions, endocrine (addisons disease,
hypoglycemia, DM), nervous system disorders (Parkinsons, multiple system
atrophy, Lewy body dementia, pure autonomic failure, amyloidosis), meds
(diuretics, alpha blockers, beta blockers, CCB, ACE inhibitors, nitrates)
• A ________is when the stomach herniates through the hiatus of diaphragm
into the chest. Results from continued shortening of the esophagus as a
result of repeated muscle contraction..
Answer: hiatal hernia
• _______syndrome is injury to the cervical sympathetic chain: Miosis,
Anhydrosis of ipsilateral face, ptosis (MAP).
Answer: Horner's
• The treatment of ________is with stone extraction and/or decompression,
laparotomy with T tube placement, NPO, IVF, broad spectrum abx..
Answer: cholangitis
• __________is pain, cramping, or both of the lower extremity (usually calf
muscle) after walking a specific distance; then resolves for a specific
amount of time while standing..
Answer: Claudication
• Anemia is evaluated by measuring ________..
Answer: MCV - mean corpuscular volume
• distributed shock presents with.
Answer: warm, flushed skin, tachy, hypotensive
• What is the most common cause of aortic dissection..
Answer: HTN!
• Benign small bowel tumors - _____is typically isolated and asymptomatic,
bleeding or intussusception potential, multiple ones may be present in
, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome..
Answer: Hamartomas
• What is the initial diagnostic evaluation for nephrolithiasis?.
Answer: ultrasound - or CT scan
• Most edema (causes - CHF, meds, pregnancy, cirrhosis, kidney dz,
lymphatic deficiency, lower extremity vein injury or weakness) is treatment
with _____. Home remedies are elevation, movement, massage etc..
Answer: diuretics
• _______is hypertrophy of the smooth muscle of the pylorus, resulting in
obstruction of outflow. Who is affected most commonly?.
Answer: Pyloric stenosis; 1st born males
• The d/d for ________is gastric cancer, gastroenteritis, influenza,
pneumonia, infectious disease illness..
Answer: anorexia
• What are the classic s/s of a pheochromocytoma?.
Answer: palpitations, headache, episodic diaphoresis, HTN (most common
sign!)
• What are the tumor markers for testicular carcinoma?.
Answer: B-hcg, alpha fetoprotein, lactic dehydrogenase
• ________syndrome is often exhibited by episodic cutaneous flushing,
bronchospasm, intestinal cramping, diarrhea, vasomotor instability,
pellagra-like skin lesions, and right sided heart disease. What are triggers?.
Answer: Carcinoid; elaboration of serotonin by tumor (spontaneous,
excitement, alcohol, anesthesia, tumor manipulation)
• ______ results from spontaneous perforation of the esophagus after a
sudden increase in intraesophageal pressure combined with negative
intrathoracic pressure..
Answer: Boerhaave syndrome
• Dysuria: Pain starting at the start of urination may indicate ____pathology,
