1
Midterm Exam: NR 566/ NR566 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pharmacology for Care
of the Family Review| Questions & Answers|
Grade A+ | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions)-
Chamberlain
QUESTION
How should patients be monitored for potential severe reactions when using
INSTIs? (2)
Answer:✓✓:
• Watch for hypersensitivity signs: Severe rash, Fever, Malaise, Oral lesions
• Instruct to discontinue use and seek medical attention if symptoms occur
QUESTION
What is the mechanism of action of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
(NRTIs)? (5)
Answer:✓✓:
• NRTIs are prodrugs that block HIV replication by inhibiting viral DNA
synthesis.
• Once activated inside cells, they compete with natural nucleotides.
• They get incorporated into the DNA.
• This incorporation causes premature termination of the DNA chain.
QUESTION
What are the adverse effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors? (5)
Answer:✓✓:
• Mitochondrial Toxicity: Disruption of mitochondrial DNA synthesis leads to
various complications.
, 2
• Lactic Acidosis: Accumulation of lactic acid; symptoms include nausea,
malaise, fatigue, and hyperventilation.
• Hepatic Steatosis: Fatty degeneration of the liver due to impaired fatty acid
breakdown.
• Other Effects: Potential for pancreatitis and myopathies.
• Black Box Warnings: Required for risks of lactic acidosis, particularly with
didanosine and stavudine.
QUESTION
What is the mechanism of action of Chemokine receptor 5 antagonists
(Maraviroc)? (4)
Answer:✓✓:
• Maraviroc blocks HIV entry by binding to the CCR5 coreceptor on CD4 T-
cells.
• This binding prevents HIV attachment to the cell.
• It is used with other drugs for patients with CCR5-tropic HIV-1.
• A tropism test is required to confirm if the HIV is CCR5-tropic before use.
QUESTION
What is the mechanism of action of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NNRTIs)?
Answer:✓✓:
• Bind directly to the reverse transcriptase enzyme.
• Cause a conformational change that inhibits the enzyme's activity.
• Do not require intracellular phosphorylation for activation.
• Effective against HIV-1 but not HIV-2.
QUESTION
What are the key adverse effects of NNRTIs?
Answer:✓✓:
, 3
• Rash: A common side effect, sometimes severe (Stevens-Johnson
Syndrome).
• Hepatotoxicity: Elevated liver enzymes, risk of liver failure.
• CNS Effects: Vivid dreams, dizziness, insomnia, and mood disturbances,
particularly with efavirenz.
QUESTION
What is the mechanism of action of protease inhibitors (PIs)?
Answer:✓✓:
• Inhibit the HIV protease enzyme.
• This inhibition prevents the cleavage of viral polyprotein precursors.
• Results in the production of immature, non-infectious viral particles.
QUESTION
What are the key adverse effects and monitoring parameters for protease
inhibitors (PIs)?
Answer:✓✓:
• Metabolic Complications: Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and new-
onset diabetes.
• Lipodystrophy: Abnormal fat redistribution (fat accumulation and wasting).
• Hyperlipidemia: Elevated cholesterol and triglycerides.
• Monitoring: Regular blood glucose and lipid panels.
QUESTION
What is the mechanism of action of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)?
Answer:✓✓:
• Inhibit the HIV integrase enzyme.
• This prevents the integration of viral DNA into the host cell's genome.
• Blocks a critical step in the HIV replication cycle.
, 4
QUESTION
What is a key drug interaction to consider with INSTIs like dolutegravir and
elvitegravir?
Answer:✓✓:
• Cation-containing antacids (e.g., magnesium, aluminum, calcium) and iron
supplements can chelate the drug.
• This chelation significantly reduces INSTI absorption.
• They should be administered at least 2 hours apart from these agents.
QUESTION
What is the mechanism of action of the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide?
Answer:✓✓:
• Binds to the gp41 subunit of the HIV viral envelope.
• Prevents the conformational change required for the virus to fuse with the
host cell membrane.
• Blocks HIV entry into the host cell.
QUESTION
What is the mechanism of action of mebendazole? (3)
Answer:✓✓:
• Ex. emverm & vermox
• Target Organisms: Most intestinal roundworms
• Effective against pinworms, hookworms, and giant roundworms
• Usefulness: Particularly effective for mixed infestations
QUESTION
What is albendazole used for? (3)
Answer:✓✓:
• Effective against cestode and nematode parasites.
Midterm Exam: NR 566/ NR566 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pharmacology for Care
of the Family Review| Questions & Answers|
Grade A+ | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions)-
Chamberlain
QUESTION
How should patients be monitored for potential severe reactions when using
INSTIs? (2)
Answer:✓✓:
• Watch for hypersensitivity signs: Severe rash, Fever, Malaise, Oral lesions
• Instruct to discontinue use and seek medical attention if symptoms occur
QUESTION
What is the mechanism of action of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
(NRTIs)? (5)
Answer:✓✓:
• NRTIs are prodrugs that block HIV replication by inhibiting viral DNA
synthesis.
• Once activated inside cells, they compete with natural nucleotides.
• They get incorporated into the DNA.
• This incorporation causes premature termination of the DNA chain.
QUESTION
What are the adverse effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors? (5)
Answer:✓✓:
• Mitochondrial Toxicity: Disruption of mitochondrial DNA synthesis leads to
various complications.
, 2
• Lactic Acidosis: Accumulation of lactic acid; symptoms include nausea,
malaise, fatigue, and hyperventilation.
• Hepatic Steatosis: Fatty degeneration of the liver due to impaired fatty acid
breakdown.
• Other Effects: Potential for pancreatitis and myopathies.
• Black Box Warnings: Required for risks of lactic acidosis, particularly with
didanosine and stavudine.
QUESTION
What is the mechanism of action of Chemokine receptor 5 antagonists
(Maraviroc)? (4)
Answer:✓✓:
• Maraviroc blocks HIV entry by binding to the CCR5 coreceptor on CD4 T-
cells.
• This binding prevents HIV attachment to the cell.
• It is used with other drugs for patients with CCR5-tropic HIV-1.
• A tropism test is required to confirm if the HIV is CCR5-tropic before use.
QUESTION
What is the mechanism of action of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NNRTIs)?
Answer:✓✓:
• Bind directly to the reverse transcriptase enzyme.
• Cause a conformational change that inhibits the enzyme's activity.
• Do not require intracellular phosphorylation for activation.
• Effective against HIV-1 but not HIV-2.
QUESTION
What are the key adverse effects of NNRTIs?
Answer:✓✓:
, 3
• Rash: A common side effect, sometimes severe (Stevens-Johnson
Syndrome).
• Hepatotoxicity: Elevated liver enzymes, risk of liver failure.
• CNS Effects: Vivid dreams, dizziness, insomnia, and mood disturbances,
particularly with efavirenz.
QUESTION
What is the mechanism of action of protease inhibitors (PIs)?
Answer:✓✓:
• Inhibit the HIV protease enzyme.
• This inhibition prevents the cleavage of viral polyprotein precursors.
• Results in the production of immature, non-infectious viral particles.
QUESTION
What are the key adverse effects and monitoring parameters for protease
inhibitors (PIs)?
Answer:✓✓:
• Metabolic Complications: Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and new-
onset diabetes.
• Lipodystrophy: Abnormal fat redistribution (fat accumulation and wasting).
• Hyperlipidemia: Elevated cholesterol and triglycerides.
• Monitoring: Regular blood glucose and lipid panels.
QUESTION
What is the mechanism of action of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)?
Answer:✓✓:
• Inhibit the HIV integrase enzyme.
• This prevents the integration of viral DNA into the host cell's genome.
• Blocks a critical step in the HIV replication cycle.
, 4
QUESTION
What is a key drug interaction to consider with INSTIs like dolutegravir and
elvitegravir?
Answer:✓✓:
• Cation-containing antacids (e.g., magnesium, aluminum, calcium) and iron
supplements can chelate the drug.
• This chelation significantly reduces INSTI absorption.
• They should be administered at least 2 hours apart from these agents.
QUESTION
What is the mechanism of action of the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide?
Answer:✓✓:
• Binds to the gp41 subunit of the HIV viral envelope.
• Prevents the conformational change required for the virus to fuse with the
host cell membrane.
• Blocks HIV entry into the host cell.
QUESTION
What is the mechanism of action of mebendazole? (3)
Answer:✓✓:
• Ex. emverm & vermox
• Target Organisms: Most intestinal roundworms
• Effective against pinworms, hookworms, and giant roundworms
• Usefulness: Particularly effective for mixed infestations
QUESTION
What is albendazole used for? (3)
Answer:✓✓:
• Effective against cestode and nematode parasites.
