NSG 6435 MIDTERM COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ PICOT.
Answer: Ask clinical questionP- patient or population (age, disease,
gender)I- intervention of interest (treatment, diagnostic test)C- comparison
group (what is the typical standard of care or intervention currently being
used)O- outcomes (what do you wish to achieve)T- time frame (how much
time is needed for intervention to achieve outcome)
◍ Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Possible risks of any brain surgery are:.
Answer: ◦ Blood clot or bleeding in the brain◦ Brain swelling◦ Coma◦
Confusion, usually lasting only for days or weeks at most◦ Infection in the
brain, in the wound, or in the skull◦ Problems with speech, memory, muscle
weakness, balance, vision, coordination, and other functions, which may be
short-term or permanent◦ Seizures◦ Stroke◦ Risks of general anesthesia are:◦
Reactions to medications◦ Problems breathing
◍ Listening for change talk (Motivational Interviewing).
Answer: ◦ Change talk is an important concept in MI. When evoking change
talk - Your goal is to strengthen change talk and/or commitment language.◦
When you hear change talk, you can respond by: *Elaboration or details, "In
what ways?" "How are you going to do that?" *Ask for specific examples◦
Affirm change talk through reinforcement & encouragement◦ Reflect◦
Summarize
◍ Process (Transtheoretical Model of Change).
Answer: TTM focuses on the thought that individuals move through a series
of stages when making any personal changes
,◍ Mitwelt.
Answer: literally means "with world" is the relationship with others in
society and culture
◍ Umwelt.
Answer: the biological world, environment
◍ Historical Perspectives (War).
Answer: more nurses are needed during times of war leading to nursing
education being lowered
◍ Principle of behavioral change (TTM and MI).
Answer: 1. Express Empathy: Refers to the practitioner making a genuine
effort to understand the client's perspective and an equally genuine effort to
convey that understanding to the client. This is an inherent element of
reflective listening. It embodies the spirit of MI. Rogers (1962) "...as I see it
is that the counselor is experiencing an accurate empathic understanding of
his client's private world and is able to communicate some of the significant
fragments of that understanding." "When the client's world is clear to the
counselor...he can also voice meanings in the client's experience of which
the client is scarcely aware..." He referred to this "highly sensitive" empathy
as important for making it possible for a person to get close to himself and
to learn, to change and develop.2. Develop Discrepancy: This is to listen for
or employ strategies that facilitate the client's identification of discrepant
elements of a particular behavior or situation. Example, values versus
behaviors: It is important to the client to be a responsible parent; the client is
having difficulty averting heroin addiction. Discrepancy may result in the
client's experience of ambivalence. Areas of discrepancy may include past
versus present, behaviors versus goals. Evoking change talk is one way to
develop discrepancy.3. Roll with Resistance -Avoid Argumentation: This
refers to the provider's ability to sidestep or diminish resistance and proceed
to connect with the client and move in the same direction. It also refers to
avoiding arguments. Expressing empathy, understanding why a client has a
particular belief might be the intervention. Shifting focus might be
, another.4. Support Self-Efficacy: This is the provider's ability to support the
client's hopefulness that change, or improvement is possible. Identifying and
building upon a client's strengths, previous successes, efforts, and concerns.
These are some areas that may open the process of addressing and
supporting the client's hope and confidence.
◍ Empty chair (Gestalt).
Answer: ◦ Empty chair dialogue, dreamwork, fantasy games, top
dog/under-dog techniques
◍ Palliative Care.
Answer: comfort care that increases quality of life - this does NOT mean
treatment has to stop
◍ Diagnosis.
Answer: the analysis of collected data to identify the problem; all activities
preceding this phase are directed to formulating a diagnosis
◍ Perceived Loss.
Answer: uniquely defined by the person experiencing the loss and is less
obvious to other people
◍ Integrative Practices.
Answer: takes into consideration the complexity of each person, including
material and nonmaterial aspects (takes a holistic "multibody" approach)
◍ Lowest Level of Research.
Answer: expert opinion
◍ Fixed Mindset.
Answer: the idea that we have a set amount of ability that cannot change
◍ Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
Answer: type of therapy that teaches patients to change their though
processes that are contributing to high stress levels; how we THINK affects
how we FEEL which affects how we BEHAVE
◍ Primary Diversity.
STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ PICOT.
Answer: Ask clinical questionP- patient or population (age, disease,
gender)I- intervention of interest (treatment, diagnostic test)C- comparison
group (what is the typical standard of care or intervention currently being
used)O- outcomes (what do you wish to achieve)T- time frame (how much
time is needed for intervention to achieve outcome)
◍ Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Possible risks of any brain surgery are:.
Answer: ◦ Blood clot or bleeding in the brain◦ Brain swelling◦ Coma◦
Confusion, usually lasting only for days or weeks at most◦ Infection in the
brain, in the wound, or in the skull◦ Problems with speech, memory, muscle
weakness, balance, vision, coordination, and other functions, which may be
short-term or permanent◦ Seizures◦ Stroke◦ Risks of general anesthesia are:◦
Reactions to medications◦ Problems breathing
◍ Listening for change talk (Motivational Interviewing).
Answer: ◦ Change talk is an important concept in MI. When evoking change
talk - Your goal is to strengthen change talk and/or commitment language.◦
When you hear change talk, you can respond by: *Elaboration or details, "In
what ways?" "How are you going to do that?" *Ask for specific examples◦
Affirm change talk through reinforcement & encouragement◦ Reflect◦
Summarize
◍ Process (Transtheoretical Model of Change).
Answer: TTM focuses on the thought that individuals move through a series
of stages when making any personal changes
,◍ Mitwelt.
Answer: literally means "with world" is the relationship with others in
society and culture
◍ Umwelt.
Answer: the biological world, environment
◍ Historical Perspectives (War).
Answer: more nurses are needed during times of war leading to nursing
education being lowered
◍ Principle of behavioral change (TTM and MI).
Answer: 1. Express Empathy: Refers to the practitioner making a genuine
effort to understand the client's perspective and an equally genuine effort to
convey that understanding to the client. This is an inherent element of
reflective listening. It embodies the spirit of MI. Rogers (1962) "...as I see it
is that the counselor is experiencing an accurate empathic understanding of
his client's private world and is able to communicate some of the significant
fragments of that understanding." "When the client's world is clear to the
counselor...he can also voice meanings in the client's experience of which
the client is scarcely aware..." He referred to this "highly sensitive" empathy
as important for making it possible for a person to get close to himself and
to learn, to change and develop.2. Develop Discrepancy: This is to listen for
or employ strategies that facilitate the client's identification of discrepant
elements of a particular behavior or situation. Example, values versus
behaviors: It is important to the client to be a responsible parent; the client is
having difficulty averting heroin addiction. Discrepancy may result in the
client's experience of ambivalence. Areas of discrepancy may include past
versus present, behaviors versus goals. Evoking change talk is one way to
develop discrepancy.3. Roll with Resistance -Avoid Argumentation: This
refers to the provider's ability to sidestep or diminish resistance and proceed
to connect with the client and move in the same direction. It also refers to
avoiding arguments. Expressing empathy, understanding why a client has a
particular belief might be the intervention. Shifting focus might be
, another.4. Support Self-Efficacy: This is the provider's ability to support the
client's hopefulness that change, or improvement is possible. Identifying and
building upon a client's strengths, previous successes, efforts, and concerns.
These are some areas that may open the process of addressing and
supporting the client's hope and confidence.
◍ Empty chair (Gestalt).
Answer: ◦ Empty chair dialogue, dreamwork, fantasy games, top
dog/under-dog techniques
◍ Palliative Care.
Answer: comfort care that increases quality of life - this does NOT mean
treatment has to stop
◍ Diagnosis.
Answer: the analysis of collected data to identify the problem; all activities
preceding this phase are directed to formulating a diagnosis
◍ Perceived Loss.
Answer: uniquely defined by the person experiencing the loss and is less
obvious to other people
◍ Integrative Practices.
Answer: takes into consideration the complexity of each person, including
material and nonmaterial aspects (takes a holistic "multibody" approach)
◍ Lowest Level of Research.
Answer: expert opinion
◍ Fixed Mindset.
Answer: the idea that we have a set amount of ability that cannot change
◍ Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
Answer: type of therapy that teaches patients to change their though
processes that are contributing to high stress levels; how we THINK affects
how we FEEL which affects how we BEHAVE
◍ Primary Diversity.
