HNF 150 (MSU): Exam 2 And Exam 3
Practice Questions with Accurate
Answers 2025-2026 Updated.
different structures of proteins - Answer 1. primary: link between amino acids 2. secondary:
folding into helices/sheets, backbones interacting
3. tertiary: 3D folding pattern, side chains interacting
4. quaternary: more than one folded chain associated together
3 components of amino acids - Answer -carbon atom
-hydrogen atom
-R-group (side chain)
How many essential amino acids are there? - Answer 9, must be supplied by diet
-all 9 must be present to start protein synthesis
what differentiates one protein from another? - Answer 1. sequence of the proteins: peptide
bonds
2. shape/structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
7 roles of protein in the body - Answer 1. Supporting growth and maintenance
2. Building enzymes, hormones, and other compounds
3. Transport and recognition proteins
4. Building antibodies
5. Maintaining acid base balance
6. Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
7. Energy (and energy storage)
paths an amino acid can take once inside the cell - Answer -build proteins
,-make another needed compound
-make another amino acid
-energy
-stored as energy
-convert to fat and burned
protein digestion in the mouth - Answer none
protein digestion in stomach - Answer -Hydrochloric Acid denatures proteins
-Converts PEPSINOGEN to PEPSIN
protein digestion in the SI & colon/LI - Answer -enzymes from pancreas split up proteins
further & further
-intestinal cells transport amino acids into bloodstream
-bloodstream transports them to all body's cells
Nitrogen Balance Study - Answer comparing how much N one's body is disposing vs. how
much N it is taking in
(urine, sweat, tissues)
purpose of Nitrogen Balance Studies - Answer to set protein requirements
-positive N balance: too much protein protein
-negative N balance: losing muscle & protein, need more
-N equilibrium: neutral amounts
mutual supplementation - Answer the process of combining two or more incomplete protein
sources to make a complete protein
examples of vegetarian meals that have other protein sources - Answer legumes, beans, etc.
protein malnutrition diseases - Answer 1. Marasmus: SEVERE protein deprivation, develops
slowly, severe weight loss and muscle wasting
2. Kwashiorkor: rapid, some weight loss/muscle loss, enlarged fatty liver
consuming TOO much protein & amino acids - Answer -high saturated fats
,-kidney problems
-low fiber
-promotes calcium loss
Polypeptide - Answer A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide
bonds
conditionally essential amino acids - Answer amino acids that are normally considered
nonessential but become essential under certain circumstances when the body's need for them
exceeds the ability to produce them
protein synthesis - Answer the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA
and carried by mRNA
Dipeptide - Answer Two amino acids bonded together
tripeptide - Answer three amino acids bonded together
edema - Answer puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid
complementary proteins - Answer low quality proteins combined to provide adequate levels
of essential amino acids (vegetarians)
vegan - Answer no animal products
Flexitarian - Answer mostly plant based but occasionally eat meat
Sustainability - Answer The ability to keep in existence or maintain/sustain
3 characteristics of sustainability - Answer 1. not achieved by a single practice
2. is a goal to work towards, not an end point
3. a series of changes within a system
goals of sustainable food systems - Answer -Promote health and food safety
-Ensure enough food for all
-Are environmentally beneficial/benign
, -Protect worker safety
-Justice/provide fair wages
-Protects animal welfare
-Preserve rural landscape/way of life
3 greenhouse gases associated with agriculture - Answer carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide
economic, environment and energy cost considerations - Answer -meat factories consume
crazy amounts of energy, pollute water supplies, and create GHG
main issues related to agriculture - Answer 1. deforestation: making room for animals to
graze
2. polluted water: from animal waste, too much N in water causes ocean acidification
3. pesticides into water
4. soil depletion: soil drying up due to overuse, blows away
5. animal welfare: many are mistreated
6. farm workers: not protected by insurance when they pick produce by hand
grazing (grass-fed) vs. grain-feeding animals - Answer -a lot cheaper to grain-feed, but it
makes them big fast
-grass fed animals are much healthier: higher fats, better for humans to eat
why do farmers use antibiotics on animals - Answer -to prevent diseases in animals
-to enhance size of animals
requirements of organic foods, importance of soil - Answer -organic foods improve soil, and
healthy soil is more sustainable
6 benefits of healthy soil - Answer 1. reverse land degradation
2. retains nutrients
3. retains water
4. increases plant growth
5. breaks down toxins
6. absorbs carbon to fight climate change (GHG)
Practice Questions with Accurate
Answers 2025-2026 Updated.
different structures of proteins - Answer 1. primary: link between amino acids 2. secondary:
folding into helices/sheets, backbones interacting
3. tertiary: 3D folding pattern, side chains interacting
4. quaternary: more than one folded chain associated together
3 components of amino acids - Answer -carbon atom
-hydrogen atom
-R-group (side chain)
How many essential amino acids are there? - Answer 9, must be supplied by diet
-all 9 must be present to start protein synthesis
what differentiates one protein from another? - Answer 1. sequence of the proteins: peptide
bonds
2. shape/structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
7 roles of protein in the body - Answer 1. Supporting growth and maintenance
2. Building enzymes, hormones, and other compounds
3. Transport and recognition proteins
4. Building antibodies
5. Maintaining acid base balance
6. Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
7. Energy (and energy storage)
paths an amino acid can take once inside the cell - Answer -build proteins
,-make another needed compound
-make another amino acid
-energy
-stored as energy
-convert to fat and burned
protein digestion in the mouth - Answer none
protein digestion in stomach - Answer -Hydrochloric Acid denatures proteins
-Converts PEPSINOGEN to PEPSIN
protein digestion in the SI & colon/LI - Answer -enzymes from pancreas split up proteins
further & further
-intestinal cells transport amino acids into bloodstream
-bloodstream transports them to all body's cells
Nitrogen Balance Study - Answer comparing how much N one's body is disposing vs. how
much N it is taking in
(urine, sweat, tissues)
purpose of Nitrogen Balance Studies - Answer to set protein requirements
-positive N balance: too much protein protein
-negative N balance: losing muscle & protein, need more
-N equilibrium: neutral amounts
mutual supplementation - Answer the process of combining two or more incomplete protein
sources to make a complete protein
examples of vegetarian meals that have other protein sources - Answer legumes, beans, etc.
protein malnutrition diseases - Answer 1. Marasmus: SEVERE protein deprivation, develops
slowly, severe weight loss and muscle wasting
2. Kwashiorkor: rapid, some weight loss/muscle loss, enlarged fatty liver
consuming TOO much protein & amino acids - Answer -high saturated fats
,-kidney problems
-low fiber
-promotes calcium loss
Polypeptide - Answer A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide
bonds
conditionally essential amino acids - Answer amino acids that are normally considered
nonessential but become essential under certain circumstances when the body's need for them
exceeds the ability to produce them
protein synthesis - Answer the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA
and carried by mRNA
Dipeptide - Answer Two amino acids bonded together
tripeptide - Answer three amino acids bonded together
edema - Answer puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid
complementary proteins - Answer low quality proteins combined to provide adequate levels
of essential amino acids (vegetarians)
vegan - Answer no animal products
Flexitarian - Answer mostly plant based but occasionally eat meat
Sustainability - Answer The ability to keep in existence or maintain/sustain
3 characteristics of sustainability - Answer 1. not achieved by a single practice
2. is a goal to work towards, not an end point
3. a series of changes within a system
goals of sustainable food systems - Answer -Promote health and food safety
-Ensure enough food for all
-Are environmentally beneficial/benign
, -Protect worker safety
-Justice/provide fair wages
-Protects animal welfare
-Preserve rural landscape/way of life
3 greenhouse gases associated with agriculture - Answer carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide
economic, environment and energy cost considerations - Answer -meat factories consume
crazy amounts of energy, pollute water supplies, and create GHG
main issues related to agriculture - Answer 1. deforestation: making room for animals to
graze
2. polluted water: from animal waste, too much N in water causes ocean acidification
3. pesticides into water
4. soil depletion: soil drying up due to overuse, blows away
5. animal welfare: many are mistreated
6. farm workers: not protected by insurance when they pick produce by hand
grazing (grass-fed) vs. grain-feeding animals - Answer -a lot cheaper to grain-feed, but it
makes them big fast
-grass fed animals are much healthier: higher fats, better for humans to eat
why do farmers use antibiotics on animals - Answer -to prevent diseases in animals
-to enhance size of animals
requirements of organic foods, importance of soil - Answer -organic foods improve soil, and
healthy soil is more sustainable
6 benefits of healthy soil - Answer 1. reverse land degradation
2. retains nutrients
3. retains water
4. increases plant growth
5. breaks down toxins
6. absorbs carbon to fight climate change (GHG)
