HNF 150 MSU Exam 1 Study Guide
Questions with All Actual Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
What is nutrition? - Answer study of how food nourishes the body
Vitamin C - Answer protects cells against damage
important for healthy gums and skin
helps absorb iron
prevents scurvy
What are nutrients? - Answer components of food that are indispensable to the body's
functioning
What do nutrients provide? - Answer energy
serve as building material
maintain or repair body parts
supports growth
"Essential" Nutrients - Answer must be obtained from an external source because we can't
make them ourselves or can't make enough
Type of Nutrients - Answer Water
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
What are calories? - Answer 1 calorie = the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature
of 1 liter of water 1 degree Celsius
Nutrient Density - Answer foods rich in nutrients relative to their energy content (calories)
*usually whole foods
,Why measure diet and nutrition? - Answer - characterize dietary patterns of individuals
- assess exposure to food, nutrients and non-nutrients
- identify population groups who do not have adequate nutrition for preventing diseases
How do we measure diet and nutrition? - Answer Anthropometric methods
Clinical examination
Diet Questionaries
Biomarkers
Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) - Answer measures usual amounts of foods commonly
eaten over a time period
Biomarkers - Answer measure nutrients or metabolites in bio fluids (blood, urine, saliva,
tissues, hair nails, skin, etc.)
Type of Studies - Answer Case studies
Epidemiological studies
Intervention studies
Laboratory studies
Case Studies - Answer studies of individuals
Epidemiological Studies - Answer studies of population, often used in nutrition to search for
correlations between dietary habits and disease incidence
Intervention Studies - Answer studies of population in which observation is accompanied by
experimental manipulation of some population members
Laboratory Studies - Answer studies that are performed under tightly controlled conditions
and are designed to pinpoint cause and effect
Experimental Group - Answer group or animals participating in an experiment that receives
the treatment under investigation
Control Group - Answer group of individuals who are similar in all possible respects to the
group being treated, but receive a sham treatment(placebo)
, Energy Yield - Answer provide kcalories
Refined - Answer lost nutrients during processing
Enriched - Answer added back in
Fortified - Answer added, not natural
Functional foods - Answer any healthy food claimed to have a health promoting or disease
preventing property beyond the basic function of supplying nutrient
Energy-yielding nutrients - Answer nutrients the body can use for energy: carbs, fats,
proteins
Saturated fat free - Answer <.5 of saturated and trans fat
Trans fat free - Answer <.5 of saturated and trans fat
High fiber - Answer foods containing a high amount of carbohydrates: grains, fruits,
vegetables
"Less, fewer, or reduced" - Answer Containing at least 25% less of a nutrient or calories than
reference food
Healthy claim - Answer Need for scientific evidence; FDA report card; claims linking food
constituents w/disease
Nutrient claim - Answer Feed FDA definitions
Hormonal system - Answer Glands that monitor a condition that produces one or more
hormones to regulate it. each hormone acts as a messenger that stimulates various organs to
take appropriate action
Nervous system - Answer Receives and intergrates information from sensory receptors all
over the body
Immune system - Answer Many of the body's tissues cooperating to maintain defenses
against infection
Questions with All Actual Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
What is nutrition? - Answer study of how food nourishes the body
Vitamin C - Answer protects cells against damage
important for healthy gums and skin
helps absorb iron
prevents scurvy
What are nutrients? - Answer components of food that are indispensable to the body's
functioning
What do nutrients provide? - Answer energy
serve as building material
maintain or repair body parts
supports growth
"Essential" Nutrients - Answer must be obtained from an external source because we can't
make them ourselves or can't make enough
Type of Nutrients - Answer Water
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
What are calories? - Answer 1 calorie = the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature
of 1 liter of water 1 degree Celsius
Nutrient Density - Answer foods rich in nutrients relative to their energy content (calories)
*usually whole foods
,Why measure diet and nutrition? - Answer - characterize dietary patterns of individuals
- assess exposure to food, nutrients and non-nutrients
- identify population groups who do not have adequate nutrition for preventing diseases
How do we measure diet and nutrition? - Answer Anthropometric methods
Clinical examination
Diet Questionaries
Biomarkers
Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) - Answer measures usual amounts of foods commonly
eaten over a time period
Biomarkers - Answer measure nutrients or metabolites in bio fluids (blood, urine, saliva,
tissues, hair nails, skin, etc.)
Type of Studies - Answer Case studies
Epidemiological studies
Intervention studies
Laboratory studies
Case Studies - Answer studies of individuals
Epidemiological Studies - Answer studies of population, often used in nutrition to search for
correlations between dietary habits and disease incidence
Intervention Studies - Answer studies of population in which observation is accompanied by
experimental manipulation of some population members
Laboratory Studies - Answer studies that are performed under tightly controlled conditions
and are designed to pinpoint cause and effect
Experimental Group - Answer group or animals participating in an experiment that receives
the treatment under investigation
Control Group - Answer group of individuals who are similar in all possible respects to the
group being treated, but receive a sham treatment(placebo)
, Energy Yield - Answer provide kcalories
Refined - Answer lost nutrients during processing
Enriched - Answer added back in
Fortified - Answer added, not natural
Functional foods - Answer any healthy food claimed to have a health promoting or disease
preventing property beyond the basic function of supplying nutrient
Energy-yielding nutrients - Answer nutrients the body can use for energy: carbs, fats,
proteins
Saturated fat free - Answer <.5 of saturated and trans fat
Trans fat free - Answer <.5 of saturated and trans fat
High fiber - Answer foods containing a high amount of carbohydrates: grains, fruits,
vegetables
"Less, fewer, or reduced" - Answer Containing at least 25% less of a nutrient or calories than
reference food
Healthy claim - Answer Need for scientific evidence; FDA report card; claims linking food
constituents w/disease
Nutrient claim - Answer Feed FDA definitions
Hormonal system - Answer Glands that monitor a condition that produces one or more
hormones to regulate it. each hormone acts as a messenger that stimulates various organs to
take appropriate action
Nervous system - Answer Receives and intergrates information from sensory receptors all
over the body
Immune system - Answer Many of the body's tissues cooperating to maintain defenses
against infection
