NUR 221 Exam 2 Test Questions with Answers Graded A
rupture of membranes before 37 weeks associated with
10% of all preterm births in America. most likely develops
from pathologic weakening of the amniotic membranes
caused by inflammation, stress from uterine contractions,
Preterm PROM
or other factors that cause increased intrauterine pres-
sure. infection of the urogenital tract is a major risk leading
to preterm PROM can be either a gush of liquid or a small
leak
Counter pressure
Effleurage (light massage)
Therapeutic touch and massage
Walking
Rocking
Non Pharmacological pain relief Cutaneous Stimulation
Changing positions
strategies
Application of heat or cold
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Accupressure
Water therapy i.e. baths, showers, whirlpools
Intradermal water block
Aromatherapy
Breathing techniques
Non Pharmacological pain relief
Music
Sensory Stimulation strategies
Imagery
Use of focal points
Childbirth education
Non Pharmacological pain relief
Hypnosis
Cognitive strategies
Biofeedback
Engagement and descent
Flexion
Internal rotation to occipitoanterior
,NUR 221 Exam 2 Test Questions with Answers Graded A
position
Extension
cardinal movements of the mechanism of labor External rotation beginning (restitution)
External rotation
expulsion
when the fetus moves their head past the pelvic inlet, the
Engagement head is said to be engaged. occurs before active labor,
while abdominal muscles are more relaxed.
Oblique presentation of the fetal head at the superior
Asynclitism strait of the pelvis; the pelvic planes and those of the fetal
head are not parallel
refers to the progress of the presenting part through the
pelvis. depends on 4 forces. 1. pressure exerted by the
amniotic fluid. 2. direct pressure exerted by the contract-
Descent ing fundus on the fetus. 3. Force of the contraction of the
maternal diaphragm and the abdominal muscles in the
second stage of labor. 4. extension and straightening of
the fetal body
Stations of descent
as soon as the head reaches resistance from the cervix,
Flexion pelvic wall or pelvic floor. it normally flexes so the chin
makes contact with the fetal chest
The maternal pelvic inlet is widest in the transverse di-
ameter, therefore the fetal head passes the inlet into the
true pelvis in the occipitotransverse position. for the fetus
to exit the head must rotate. internal rotation begins at
the level of the ischial spines but is not complete until the
, NUR 221 Exam 2 Test Questions with Answers Graded A
presenting part reaches the lower pelvis. as the occiput
rotates anteriorly the face rotates posteriorly. with each
Internal Rotation contraction the pelvic bones and muscles guide the fetal
head. almost always rotated by the time it reaches pelvic
floor
when the fetal head reaches the perineum for birth it is
deflected anteriorly by the perineum. the occiput passes
Extension under the lower border of the symphysis of pubis first and
the head emerges by extension. first the occiput then the
face and finally the chin
After head is born it rotates briefly to the position it oc-
cupied when it was engaged in the inlet. this movement
is referred to as restitution. The 45-degree turn realigns
the infants head with his or her back and shoulders. the
head can then be seen to rotate further. this external
restitution and external rotation rotation occurs as the shoulders engage and descend in
maneuvers similar to those of the head. anterior shoulder
descends first when it reaches the outlet, it rotates to the
midline and is delivered from under the pubic arch. the
posterior shoulder is guided over the perineum until it is
free.
After birth of the shoulders, the head and shoulders are
lifted up toward the mothers pubic bone, and the trunk
of the the baby is born by flexing it laterally in the direc-
Expulsion
tion of the symphysis pubis. when the baby has emerged
completely birth is complete and the second stage of labor
ends.
preeclampsia etiology
rupture of membranes before 37 weeks associated with
10% of all preterm births in America. most likely develops
from pathologic weakening of the amniotic membranes
caused by inflammation, stress from uterine contractions,
Preterm PROM
or other factors that cause increased intrauterine pres-
sure. infection of the urogenital tract is a major risk leading
to preterm PROM can be either a gush of liquid or a small
leak
Counter pressure
Effleurage (light massage)
Therapeutic touch and massage
Walking
Rocking
Non Pharmacological pain relief Cutaneous Stimulation
Changing positions
strategies
Application of heat or cold
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Accupressure
Water therapy i.e. baths, showers, whirlpools
Intradermal water block
Aromatherapy
Breathing techniques
Non Pharmacological pain relief
Music
Sensory Stimulation strategies
Imagery
Use of focal points
Childbirth education
Non Pharmacological pain relief
Hypnosis
Cognitive strategies
Biofeedback
Engagement and descent
Flexion
Internal rotation to occipitoanterior
,NUR 221 Exam 2 Test Questions with Answers Graded A
position
Extension
cardinal movements of the mechanism of labor External rotation beginning (restitution)
External rotation
expulsion
when the fetus moves their head past the pelvic inlet, the
Engagement head is said to be engaged. occurs before active labor,
while abdominal muscles are more relaxed.
Oblique presentation of the fetal head at the superior
Asynclitism strait of the pelvis; the pelvic planes and those of the fetal
head are not parallel
refers to the progress of the presenting part through the
pelvis. depends on 4 forces. 1. pressure exerted by the
amniotic fluid. 2. direct pressure exerted by the contract-
Descent ing fundus on the fetus. 3. Force of the contraction of the
maternal diaphragm and the abdominal muscles in the
second stage of labor. 4. extension and straightening of
the fetal body
Stations of descent
as soon as the head reaches resistance from the cervix,
Flexion pelvic wall or pelvic floor. it normally flexes so the chin
makes contact with the fetal chest
The maternal pelvic inlet is widest in the transverse di-
ameter, therefore the fetal head passes the inlet into the
true pelvis in the occipitotransverse position. for the fetus
to exit the head must rotate. internal rotation begins at
the level of the ischial spines but is not complete until the
, NUR 221 Exam 2 Test Questions with Answers Graded A
presenting part reaches the lower pelvis. as the occiput
rotates anteriorly the face rotates posteriorly. with each
Internal Rotation contraction the pelvic bones and muscles guide the fetal
head. almost always rotated by the time it reaches pelvic
floor
when the fetal head reaches the perineum for birth it is
deflected anteriorly by the perineum. the occiput passes
Extension under the lower border of the symphysis of pubis first and
the head emerges by extension. first the occiput then the
face and finally the chin
After head is born it rotates briefly to the position it oc-
cupied when it was engaged in the inlet. this movement
is referred to as restitution. The 45-degree turn realigns
the infants head with his or her back and shoulders. the
head can then be seen to rotate further. this external
restitution and external rotation rotation occurs as the shoulders engage and descend in
maneuvers similar to those of the head. anterior shoulder
descends first when it reaches the outlet, it rotates to the
midline and is delivered from under the pubic arch. the
posterior shoulder is guided over the perineum until it is
free.
After birth of the shoulders, the head and shoulders are
lifted up toward the mothers pubic bone, and the trunk
of the the baby is born by flexing it laterally in the direc-
Expulsion
tion of the symphysis pubis. when the baby has emerged
completely birth is complete and the second stage of labor
ends.
preeclampsia etiology
