TRU Biol 2131 Exam 2026 MOST Recent
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What are the 3 tenets of the cell theory? - ANSWERS-1) All organisms are composed of
one or more cells
2) The cell is the structural unit of life
3) Cells can arise only by division from a pre-existing cell
chaperonins - ANSWERS-cylindrical protein complexes that provide a sheltered
environment for folding of large polypeptides
nucleotides consist of - ANSWERS-pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
RNA world hypothesis - ANSWERS-hypothesis that earlier forms of life may have relied
solely on RNA to store genetic info and to catalyze chemical reactions
Alpha helix vs beta sheets - ANSWERS-Alpha: can be extended in length if subjected to
pulling forces
Beta strands: highly extended and resist pulling
magnification vs resolution - ANSWERS-Mag = enlargement of an object
,resolution = quality of the image (ability to see finer, distinguishing details)
phase-contrast microscopy advantage - ANSWERS-able to visualize live cells
fluorescence microscopy - ANSWERS-uses a fluorescent dye that emits fluorescence
when illuminated with ultraviolet radiation
transmission electron microscope - ANSWERS-forms images using electrons that are
transmitted through a specimen, which enables a higher resolution of the inner detail of
cells.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - ANSWERS-utilized to examine the surface of
objects. Uses electrons that bounce off the surface of the specimen.
autoradiography - ANSWERS-most common application of radiolabeling - used to
determine where a particular isotope is isolated
homogenization vs cell fractionation - ANSWERS-homogenization: breaking of cell by
mechanical disruption
- Cell fractionation: purification of specific parts of a homogenate
proton motive force - ANSWERS-the energy present in both components of the proton
electrochemical gradient
- total energy that is released when a proton moves down the gradient
- Maintained by the highly impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane to protons
- used to generate ATP
chemiosmosis - ANSWERS-the coupling of H+ translocation to ATP synthesis
ATP synthase - ANSWERS-enzyme that manufactures ATP in the mitochondria
, What are the major activities during aerobic respiration in the mitochondria -
ANSWERS-- incorporation of the product of glycolysis to the TCA cycle
- TCA
- ETC
- Synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase
Peroxisomes - ANSWERS-site of degradation of hydrogen peroxide
- oxidation of very long FAs
- Synthesis of plasmalogens
chloroplasts are located predominantly in - ANSWERS-mesophyll cells of leaves
proplastids - ANSWERS-non-pigmented precursors of chloroplasts
Chloroplast outer vs inner membrane - ANSWERS-outer: contains several different
porins and is permeable
Inner: relatively impermeable
thylakoid membrane - ANSWERS-The photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast
that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains.
- internal membrane of chloroplasts
general photosynthesis equation - ANSWERS-light --> H2O breakdown --> oxygen
mitochondrial respiration vs photosynthesis - ANSWERS-mito: releases energy, oxygen
is reduced to water
Photo: requires energy, oxidizes water to oxygen
Fundamental properties that are shared by all cells (9)? - ANSWERS-- Cells are highly
complex and organized
Tested,Actual Exam Questions (2026)
WITH Recent Newest Verified And Well
Analyzed Exam Questions (Actual Exam
2026-2027) Correct Detailed & Verified
ANSWERS (100% Accurate Solutions)
||ALREADYGRADED A+||ExamGuarantee
Pass!!
What are the 3 tenets of the cell theory? - ANSWERS-1) All organisms are composed of
one or more cells
2) The cell is the structural unit of life
3) Cells can arise only by division from a pre-existing cell
chaperonins - ANSWERS-cylindrical protein complexes that provide a sheltered
environment for folding of large polypeptides
nucleotides consist of - ANSWERS-pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
RNA world hypothesis - ANSWERS-hypothesis that earlier forms of life may have relied
solely on RNA to store genetic info and to catalyze chemical reactions
Alpha helix vs beta sheets - ANSWERS-Alpha: can be extended in length if subjected to
pulling forces
Beta strands: highly extended and resist pulling
magnification vs resolution - ANSWERS-Mag = enlargement of an object
,resolution = quality of the image (ability to see finer, distinguishing details)
phase-contrast microscopy advantage - ANSWERS-able to visualize live cells
fluorescence microscopy - ANSWERS-uses a fluorescent dye that emits fluorescence
when illuminated with ultraviolet radiation
transmission electron microscope - ANSWERS-forms images using electrons that are
transmitted through a specimen, which enables a higher resolution of the inner detail of
cells.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - ANSWERS-utilized to examine the surface of
objects. Uses electrons that bounce off the surface of the specimen.
autoradiography - ANSWERS-most common application of radiolabeling - used to
determine where a particular isotope is isolated
homogenization vs cell fractionation - ANSWERS-homogenization: breaking of cell by
mechanical disruption
- Cell fractionation: purification of specific parts of a homogenate
proton motive force - ANSWERS-the energy present in both components of the proton
electrochemical gradient
- total energy that is released when a proton moves down the gradient
- Maintained by the highly impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane to protons
- used to generate ATP
chemiosmosis - ANSWERS-the coupling of H+ translocation to ATP synthesis
ATP synthase - ANSWERS-enzyme that manufactures ATP in the mitochondria
, What are the major activities during aerobic respiration in the mitochondria -
ANSWERS-- incorporation of the product of glycolysis to the TCA cycle
- TCA
- ETC
- Synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase
Peroxisomes - ANSWERS-site of degradation of hydrogen peroxide
- oxidation of very long FAs
- Synthesis of plasmalogens
chloroplasts are located predominantly in - ANSWERS-mesophyll cells of leaves
proplastids - ANSWERS-non-pigmented precursors of chloroplasts
Chloroplast outer vs inner membrane - ANSWERS-outer: contains several different
porins and is permeable
Inner: relatively impermeable
thylakoid membrane - ANSWERS-The photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast
that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains.
- internal membrane of chloroplasts
general photosynthesis equation - ANSWERS-light --> H2O breakdown --> oxygen
mitochondrial respiration vs photosynthesis - ANSWERS-mito: releases energy, oxygen
is reduced to water
Photo: requires energy, oxidizes water to oxygen
Fundamental properties that are shared by all cells (9)? - ANSWERS-- Cells are highly
complex and organized
