PHARMACOLOGY NURSING
ACTUAL EXAM 2026 WITH
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
What are the major functions of the M1 receptor? - ANSWER --CNS, enteric nervous
system
What are the major functions of the M2 receptor? - ANSWER --Decrease heart rate and
contractility of atria
What are the major functions of the M3 receptor? - ANSWER --Increase exocrine gland
secretions (e.g., lacrimal, salivary, gastric acid), increase gut peristalsis, increase bladder
contraction, increase bronchoconstriction, pupillary sphincter muscle contraction (miosis),
ciliary muscle contraction (accommodation)
What are the major functions of the α1 receptor? - ANSWER --Increase vascular smooth
muscle contraction, increase pupillary dilator muscle contraction (mydriasis), increase intestinal
and bladder sphincter muscle contraction
What are the major functions of the α2 receptor? - ANSWER --Decrease sympathetic
outflow, decrease insulin release, decrease lipolysis, increase platelet aggregation, decrease
aqueous humor production
What are the major functions of the β1 receptor? - ANSWER --Increase heart rate,
increase contractility, increase renin release, increase lipolysis
,What are the major functions of the β2 receptor? - ANSWER --Vasodilation,
bronchodilation, increase lipolysis, increase insulin release, decrease uterine tone (tocolysis),
ciliary muscle relaxation, increase aqueous humor production
What are the major functions of the D1 receptor? - ANSWER --Relaxes renal vascular
smooth muscle
What are the major functions of the D2 receptor? - ANSWER --Modulates transmitter
release, especially in the brain
What are the major functions of the H1 receptor? - ANSWER --Increase nasal and
bronchial mucus production, increase vascular permeability, contraction of bronchioles, pruritis,
pain
What are the major functions of the H2 receptor? - ANSWER --Increase gastric acid
secretion
What are the major functions of the V1 receptor? - ANSWER --Increase vascular smooth
muscle contraction
What are the major functions of the V2 receptor? - ANSWER --Increase H2O permeability
and reabsorption in collecting tubules of kidney (V2 is found in the "2" kidneys)
What receptors are associate with Gq? - ANSWER --H1, α1, V1, M1, and M3
What receptors are associated with Gs? - ANSWER --H2, B1, B2, V2, D1
,What receptors are associated with Gi? - ANSWER --M2, α2, D2
Edrophonium - ANSWER ---Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Historically used to diagnose myasthenia gravis (MG is now diagnosed by anti-AChR Ab test.
Neostigmine - ANSWER ---Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention, myasthenia gravis, and
postoperative reversal of neuromuscular junction blockade
Physostigmine - ANSWER ---Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Used in anticholinergic toxicity
-Crosses the blood-brain barrier (CNS)
Pyridostigmine - ANSWER ---Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Increases muscle strength
-Used in myasthenia gravis (long acting)
-Does not penetrate CNS
Atropine - ANSWER ---Muscarinic antagonist
-Used in bradycardia and for ophthalmic applications
-Also used as antidote for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning
-Actions include increase pupil dilation, cycloplegia, decreased airway secretions, decreased
acid secretions, decreased gut motility, decreased bladder urgency in cystitis
-Toxicity: increased body temp (due to decreased sweating), rapid pulse, dry mouth, dry and
flushed skin, cycloplegia, constipation, disorientation;
, -Can cause acute angle-closure glaucoma in elderly (due to mydriasis), urinary retention in men
with prostatic hyperplasia, and hyperthermia in infants
-See also homatropine and tropicamide
Benztropine - ANSWER ---Muscarinic antagonist
-Works in CNS
-Used in Parkinson disease and acute dystonia
Glycopyrrolate - ANSWER ---Muscarinic antagonist
-Parental use: preoperative use to reduce airway secretions
-Oral use: drooling, peptic ulcer
Hyoscyamine - ANSWER ---Muscarinic antagonist
-Antispasmodics for IBS
Dicyclomide - ANSWER ---Muscarinic antagonist
-Antispasmodics for IBS
Bethanechol - ANSWER ---Direct cholinergic agonist
-Activates bowel and bladder smooth muscle
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus
-Resistant to AChE
Carbachol - ANSWER ---Direct cholinergic agonist
-Carbon copy of acetylcholine
-Constricts pupils and relieves intraocular pressure in glaucoma
ACTUAL EXAM 2026 WITH
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
What are the major functions of the M1 receptor? - ANSWER --CNS, enteric nervous
system
What are the major functions of the M2 receptor? - ANSWER --Decrease heart rate and
contractility of atria
What are the major functions of the M3 receptor? - ANSWER --Increase exocrine gland
secretions (e.g., lacrimal, salivary, gastric acid), increase gut peristalsis, increase bladder
contraction, increase bronchoconstriction, pupillary sphincter muscle contraction (miosis),
ciliary muscle contraction (accommodation)
What are the major functions of the α1 receptor? - ANSWER --Increase vascular smooth
muscle contraction, increase pupillary dilator muscle contraction (mydriasis), increase intestinal
and bladder sphincter muscle contraction
What are the major functions of the α2 receptor? - ANSWER --Decrease sympathetic
outflow, decrease insulin release, decrease lipolysis, increase platelet aggregation, decrease
aqueous humor production
What are the major functions of the β1 receptor? - ANSWER --Increase heart rate,
increase contractility, increase renin release, increase lipolysis
,What are the major functions of the β2 receptor? - ANSWER --Vasodilation,
bronchodilation, increase lipolysis, increase insulin release, decrease uterine tone (tocolysis),
ciliary muscle relaxation, increase aqueous humor production
What are the major functions of the D1 receptor? - ANSWER --Relaxes renal vascular
smooth muscle
What are the major functions of the D2 receptor? - ANSWER --Modulates transmitter
release, especially in the brain
What are the major functions of the H1 receptor? - ANSWER --Increase nasal and
bronchial mucus production, increase vascular permeability, contraction of bronchioles, pruritis,
pain
What are the major functions of the H2 receptor? - ANSWER --Increase gastric acid
secretion
What are the major functions of the V1 receptor? - ANSWER --Increase vascular smooth
muscle contraction
What are the major functions of the V2 receptor? - ANSWER --Increase H2O permeability
and reabsorption in collecting tubules of kidney (V2 is found in the "2" kidneys)
What receptors are associate with Gq? - ANSWER --H1, α1, V1, M1, and M3
What receptors are associated with Gs? - ANSWER --H2, B1, B2, V2, D1
,What receptors are associated with Gi? - ANSWER --M2, α2, D2
Edrophonium - ANSWER ---Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Historically used to diagnose myasthenia gravis (MG is now diagnosed by anti-AChR Ab test.
Neostigmine - ANSWER ---Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention, myasthenia gravis, and
postoperative reversal of neuromuscular junction blockade
Physostigmine - ANSWER ---Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Used in anticholinergic toxicity
-Crosses the blood-brain barrier (CNS)
Pyridostigmine - ANSWER ---Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Increases muscle strength
-Used in myasthenia gravis (long acting)
-Does not penetrate CNS
Atropine - ANSWER ---Muscarinic antagonist
-Used in bradycardia and for ophthalmic applications
-Also used as antidote for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning
-Actions include increase pupil dilation, cycloplegia, decreased airway secretions, decreased
acid secretions, decreased gut motility, decreased bladder urgency in cystitis
-Toxicity: increased body temp (due to decreased sweating), rapid pulse, dry mouth, dry and
flushed skin, cycloplegia, constipation, disorientation;
, -Can cause acute angle-closure glaucoma in elderly (due to mydriasis), urinary retention in men
with prostatic hyperplasia, and hyperthermia in infants
-See also homatropine and tropicamide
Benztropine - ANSWER ---Muscarinic antagonist
-Works in CNS
-Used in Parkinson disease and acute dystonia
Glycopyrrolate - ANSWER ---Muscarinic antagonist
-Parental use: preoperative use to reduce airway secretions
-Oral use: drooling, peptic ulcer
Hyoscyamine - ANSWER ---Muscarinic antagonist
-Antispasmodics for IBS
Dicyclomide - ANSWER ---Muscarinic antagonist
-Antispasmodics for IBS
Bethanechol - ANSWER ---Direct cholinergic agonist
-Activates bowel and bladder smooth muscle
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus
-Resistant to AChE
Carbachol - ANSWER ---Direct cholinergic agonist
-Carbon copy of acetylcholine
-Constricts pupils and relieves intraocular pressure in glaucoma
