BIO 106 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS & CORRECT PASSED
SOLUTIONS
Thinking about the nutrient cycles learned in the Ecology lectures, what are the key
nutrients? - Correct Answer ✔✔ Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous
From which reservoir do plants obtain each these nutrients? Where/how do animals
obtain these nutrients? - Correct Answer ✔✔ Carbon - reservoir - fossil fuels, soils,
sediments of aquatic ecosystems, oceans, plant and animal biomass, the atmosphere
(photosynthesis)
Nitrogen - reservoir - 78% atmosphere, soils and sediments of lake rivers and oceans,
surface and ground water, biomass of living organisms (roots)
Phosphorus - reservoir - sedimentary rocks of marine organ, soil, ocean (dissolved
form, in organisms (in body)
Which macromolecules are key components of the diet (the ones you tested for in Lab
9)? (You don't have to know the tests themselves) - Correct Answer ✔✔ 1. Sugars
2. Starch
3. Protein
4. Lipids
What are the relationships between type of diet and features of the digestive tract in
mammals? (Review animal module labs for this). - Correct Answer ✔✔ Carnivores -
small Cecum, short intestinal length
Herbivores - large cecum, long intestinal length
Omnivores - combination of the above
Surface area to volume ratio - related high surface area to volume ratios to movement
of molecules. Identify systems that utilize this to efficient transfer. - Correct Answer ✔✔
The respiratory system/ tracheal system uses this ration because the larger the surface
area to volume ration the easier it is to diffuse through
Circulation of gases and nutrients in animals. Know the basic path of the circulatory
system and the direction of net movement of these key molecules. - Correct Answer
✔✔ Two types of circulation
-open and closed
, Open (hemolymph)
- gas exchange is not tied to hemolymph aka blood
(spiracles and trachea)
Closed
-arteries away
-Viens toward
-capillary branch and capillary beds converge into veins
Single Circulation (Atrium - ventricle - artery - capillary bed in gills - capillary bed in body
tissues - veins - ventricle -atrium)
Double Circulation (RA-RV-Capillary in lungs- Vein to heart - LA-LV - artery to body
tissues - capillary beds in body tissues - veins back to the heart -RA)
Describe the action potential as an example of this in animals - what is the role of Na+,
K+, and Ca2+? - Correct Answer ✔✔ 1. Resting Potential
i. Inactive Na+ gates are open
ii. Active Na+ and K+ gates are closed
2. Depolarization
i. some activation Na+ gates are open
3. Repolarization
i. some inactive Na+ gates are closed
ii. some activation K+ are open
4. Hyperpolarization (Refracotry Phase)
i. inactive and active Na+ gates are closed
ii. active K+ gates are open
(Na+ and K+ are moving in and out while Ca2+ is what allows the neurotransmitters into
the synaptic cleft)
Describe the control of muscle contraction - what is the role of Ca2+? - Correct Answer
✔✔ Step 1. neuromuscular control - the axons of the nerve cells of the spinal cord
branch and attach to each muscle fiber forming neuromuscular junction
i. action potential passes down the nerve
ii. the nerve releases Ca2+ that results in the release of AcH (acetylcholine)
Step 2. ACh binds with the sarcolemma
Step 3. Muscle Fiber Action Potential
i. Ash binds with receptors and opens Na+ channels (Na+ channels open and it rushes
in and decrease in action potential)
QUESTIONS & CORRECT PASSED
SOLUTIONS
Thinking about the nutrient cycles learned in the Ecology lectures, what are the key
nutrients? - Correct Answer ✔✔ Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous
From which reservoir do plants obtain each these nutrients? Where/how do animals
obtain these nutrients? - Correct Answer ✔✔ Carbon - reservoir - fossil fuels, soils,
sediments of aquatic ecosystems, oceans, plant and animal biomass, the atmosphere
(photosynthesis)
Nitrogen - reservoir - 78% atmosphere, soils and sediments of lake rivers and oceans,
surface and ground water, biomass of living organisms (roots)
Phosphorus - reservoir - sedimentary rocks of marine organ, soil, ocean (dissolved
form, in organisms (in body)
Which macromolecules are key components of the diet (the ones you tested for in Lab
9)? (You don't have to know the tests themselves) - Correct Answer ✔✔ 1. Sugars
2. Starch
3. Protein
4. Lipids
What are the relationships between type of diet and features of the digestive tract in
mammals? (Review animal module labs for this). - Correct Answer ✔✔ Carnivores -
small Cecum, short intestinal length
Herbivores - large cecum, long intestinal length
Omnivores - combination of the above
Surface area to volume ratio - related high surface area to volume ratios to movement
of molecules. Identify systems that utilize this to efficient transfer. - Correct Answer ✔✔
The respiratory system/ tracheal system uses this ration because the larger the surface
area to volume ration the easier it is to diffuse through
Circulation of gases and nutrients in animals. Know the basic path of the circulatory
system and the direction of net movement of these key molecules. - Correct Answer
✔✔ Two types of circulation
-open and closed
, Open (hemolymph)
- gas exchange is not tied to hemolymph aka blood
(spiracles and trachea)
Closed
-arteries away
-Viens toward
-capillary branch and capillary beds converge into veins
Single Circulation (Atrium - ventricle - artery - capillary bed in gills - capillary bed in body
tissues - veins - ventricle -atrium)
Double Circulation (RA-RV-Capillary in lungs- Vein to heart - LA-LV - artery to body
tissues - capillary beds in body tissues - veins back to the heart -RA)
Describe the action potential as an example of this in animals - what is the role of Na+,
K+, and Ca2+? - Correct Answer ✔✔ 1. Resting Potential
i. Inactive Na+ gates are open
ii. Active Na+ and K+ gates are closed
2. Depolarization
i. some activation Na+ gates are open
3. Repolarization
i. some inactive Na+ gates are closed
ii. some activation K+ are open
4. Hyperpolarization (Refracotry Phase)
i. inactive and active Na+ gates are closed
ii. active K+ gates are open
(Na+ and K+ are moving in and out while Ca2+ is what allows the neurotransmitters into
the synaptic cleft)
Describe the control of muscle contraction - what is the role of Ca2+? - Correct Answer
✔✔ Step 1. neuromuscular control - the axons of the nerve cells of the spinal cord
branch and attach to each muscle fiber forming neuromuscular junction
i. action potential passes down the nerve
ii. the nerve releases Ca2+ that results in the release of AcH (acetylcholine)
Step 2. ACh binds with the sarcolemma
Step 3. Muscle Fiber Action Potential
i. Ash binds with receptors and opens Na+ channels (Na+ channels open and it rushes
in and decrease in action potential)
