WSU BIO 106 FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS PASSED
ALREADY GRADED A+
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the
independent variable.
controlled variable
Factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely keeps the same
selective pressure
environmental conditions that select for certain characteristics of individuals and select
against other characteristics
What is the difference between blood and hemolymph?
Blood: In a Closed circulatory system and is confined to vessels.
Hemolymph (AKA interstitial fluid): In an Open circulatory system and bathes the body
cells.
What are the major types of blood cells?
red and white cells
What adaptations allow an animal to use diffusion across its skin as the only
mechanism for gas exchange?
The animal must be thin and have a large surface area. Animals that only diffuse across
the skin have a dense network of capillaries just below the skin that allows for the
exchange of gases. The respiratory surface is a thin, moist epithelium.
What is the relationship between the surface area-to-volume ratio and efficiency of
exchange across a surface?
Surface Area to Volume large ratio allows O2/CO2 gas exchange across whole body
Not all animals use a circulatory system to transport oxygen and remove carbon
dioxide. How do insects and some spiders accomplish gas exchange?
Insects have a tracheal system which includes spiracles (let air into the system) which
are connected to tracheae that run very close to every tissue cell and allow for diffusion
of gasses.
In a two-chambered heart, where does the blood go after it leaves the atrium? (Give the
entire pathway ending back in the atrium)
ventricle--->Gills ---> Body Capallaries---> Veins---> Atrium
In a four-chambered heart, where does the blood go after it leaves the right atrium?
(Give the entire pathway ending back in the right atrium)
Right ventricle---> Pulmonary Artery --->Lungs ---> Pulminary Veins---> Left Atrium--->
Left Ventricle---> Aorta
,Which parts of the pathways carry oxygenated blood?
Lungs, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Capillary beds, Aorta
Which parts of the pathways carry de-oxygenated blood?
Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Artery
What is "transposition of the great vessels" and how does it affect blood circulation?
a condition that babies can be born with which causes the arteries leaving the left and
right ventricles to be switched. This affects blood circulation in that there is no cross
over, so the oxygenated blood from the lungs never makes it through the rest of the
body.
What is counter-current exchange/flow? Contrast it with co-current exchange.
Counter-Current: Flow between water and blood vessels in filament
Co-Current: Flow is parallel and blood reaches equilibrium
How does counter-current flow allow blood to pick up more oxygen than co-current flow
would?
(Know that animals use counter-current flow and not co-current flow.)
Blood becomes more saturated as it moves opposite the water, but meets with fresher
water the further it moves, allowing it to continue gaining oxygen.
How does the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues determine how much O2 will be
released to them?
The more Co2 there is the more O2 will be administered into that tissue
What is the Bohr shift? How is it adaptive for supplying tissues that are working hard
with more oxygen?
Low pH decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2, this is the Bohr shift. Where CO2
production is greater (sites of activity) hemoglobin releases more O2 which can then be
used to support more cellular respiration
Q. Where does N-wastes come from?
Breaking down of proteins
Which of these nitrogenous wastes is least energetically expensive and most
energetically expensive to produce?
Least: Ammonia
Most: Uric acid
Q. Under what conditions is ammonia excreted?
Ammonia- very toxic, little energy to produce, lots of water to dilute
Q. Under what conditions is uric acid excreted?
Uric acid- not toxic, lots of energy to convert, little to no water to excrete
Q. Under what conditions is urea excreted?
Urea- less toxic, takes energy to convert to urea, less water to dilute
Q. Name/label the parts of the vertebrate nephron and indicate where it is permeable to
water and where salt is pumped out.
How does the reabsorption of urea into the interstitial fluid surrounding the loop of Henle
allow for an increased ability to pull water out of the nephron? (Relate the movement of
different molecules to changes in the filtrate.)
Helps maintain the osmotic interstitial fluid around the loop of Henle
How does antidiuretic hormone control water absorption in the collecting duct?
,ADH makes the wall of the collecting duct more permeable to water, more water leaves,
urinate less frequently
How does alcohol affect water absorption (and therefore cause dehydration)?
When you drink, ADH is inhibited making the collecting duct less permeable to water,
more water stays, urinate more frequently
Q. What is the function of the nervous system?
Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication
among its parts.
Q. What is the difference between a "neuron" and a "nerve"?
the nerve cells that transfer information within the body are neurons.when neurons are
bundled together they form nerves.
Q. Sketch and label a single neuron - be sure to label all 4 parts.
Q. Where would you find voltage-sensitive gated channels?
axon
Q. Where would you find chemically-sensitive gated channels?
synaptic terminal
Q. Apply the terms to the dynamics of nerve signal transmission:
• Resting potential, action potential, depolarization, hyperpolarization, repolarization.
Resting potential: gates all closed
Action potential: receptors are stimulated and the Na+ activated gates open.
Depolarization: Na+ makes inside more positive by going into the cell.
hyperpolarization: K+ makes inside more negative by going out of the cell.
Repolarization: Passive ions restore the ion charge gradient.
What is meant by "threshold"? Relate this to how action potentials are "all or nothing".
Activation potential can start a reaction in ion gated channels
Why doesn't an action potential go backwards?
Refractory period prevents signal from going backward
Explain in detail how action potentials are propagated along an axon including the types
and structure of the ion gates/pumps. Include the activation & inactivation gates
associated with the Na+ channels.
The axon is stimulated by a voltage charge, which makes the activation Na+ ion
channels to open, once they are open the Na+ ions rush in the cell making the inside
more positive. The leads to inactivation Na+ ion channel to close and the K+ ion
channel to open to make the cell less positive. Then the
Q. Revisit the in-class worksheet (and lab) - be able to sketch the neuron set up, label
the action potential diagram of voltage changes, identify what gates are open/closed at
each of the labeled parts (a-e).
Q. Which ion gates open at the axon terminus?
Ca+ ion gates open
Q. What does calcium do in the axon terminus?
Binds to the vesicles and signals them to fuse with the cell membrane , the contents are
released into the synaptic cleft
, Q. What is a synaptic vesicle? What role does it play in passing the signal from to
another cell?
It contains the neurotransmitters and transports them from neuron to neuron
Q. Describe all the steps involved in passing the signal from the pre-synaptic nerve to
the post-synaptic nerve. Include the role of calcium ions and neurotransmitters.
Vesicles with neurotransmitters are made in the Golgi, they migrate and are stores in
the axon terminus, action potential causes Ca2+ gates to open on cell membrane which
bind to the vesicles causing them to fuse with the cell membrane and release them into
the synaptic cleft, the post-synaptic cell has receptors specific for the neurotransmitters,
the receptors are part of the ion channels and are chemically sensitive on dendrites
What is the role of the Hillock in the post-synaptic nerve?
It sums the signals, determines if signal is at threshold to begin action potential
Q. Determine whether or not a post-synaptic cell will experience an EPSP or an IPSP, if
it will depolarize or hyperpolarize if given a scenario.
EPSP: Permeable to K+ and Na+ (depolarizes)
IPSP: Permeable to K+ and Cl- (hyperpolarizes)
Q. What is the difference between temporal and spatial summation in the post-synaptic
cell?
Temporal: (One synapse) timing fast or slow pulse
Spatial: (Multiple synapses) multiple signals to reach threshold
Q. What is the function of a Schwann cell? (LBL)
Puts myelin around axons to insulate them
Q. Describe the pathway from a sensory cell, to the brain, and back out to a muscle or
other responding tissue.
Sensory input=>Integration=>Motor output
Q. What is the "peripheral nervous system"? What is the "central nervous system"?
Peripheral nervous system: the neurons that carry information into and out of the central
nervous system
Central Nervous System: spinal cord and brain that processes and integrates input,
coordinates output
Q. Name the three types of muscle and indicate where each is found (in general).
Smooth: Hollow walls of organs
Cardiac: Heart
Skeletal: Attached to the bones
Q. Which type of muscle is associated with arteries and veins?
cardiac
Q. Label a diagram (or slide) of striated muscle showing the following:
Z-lines, Actin, Myosin, Troponin, Tropomyosin, Calcium receptors.
Q. Give a blow-by-blow account of muscle contraction and relaxation including all of the
key players:
Actin, myosin, Z=lines, toponin, tropomyosin, calcium, sarcoplasmic reticulum, ATP,
ADP+P.
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS PASSED
ALREADY GRADED A+
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the
independent variable.
controlled variable
Factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely keeps the same
selective pressure
environmental conditions that select for certain characteristics of individuals and select
against other characteristics
What is the difference between blood and hemolymph?
Blood: In a Closed circulatory system and is confined to vessels.
Hemolymph (AKA interstitial fluid): In an Open circulatory system and bathes the body
cells.
What are the major types of blood cells?
red and white cells
What adaptations allow an animal to use diffusion across its skin as the only
mechanism for gas exchange?
The animal must be thin and have a large surface area. Animals that only diffuse across
the skin have a dense network of capillaries just below the skin that allows for the
exchange of gases. The respiratory surface is a thin, moist epithelium.
What is the relationship between the surface area-to-volume ratio and efficiency of
exchange across a surface?
Surface Area to Volume large ratio allows O2/CO2 gas exchange across whole body
Not all animals use a circulatory system to transport oxygen and remove carbon
dioxide. How do insects and some spiders accomplish gas exchange?
Insects have a tracheal system which includes spiracles (let air into the system) which
are connected to tracheae that run very close to every tissue cell and allow for diffusion
of gasses.
In a two-chambered heart, where does the blood go after it leaves the atrium? (Give the
entire pathway ending back in the atrium)
ventricle--->Gills ---> Body Capallaries---> Veins---> Atrium
In a four-chambered heart, where does the blood go after it leaves the right atrium?
(Give the entire pathway ending back in the right atrium)
Right ventricle---> Pulmonary Artery --->Lungs ---> Pulminary Veins---> Left Atrium--->
Left Ventricle---> Aorta
,Which parts of the pathways carry oxygenated blood?
Lungs, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Capillary beds, Aorta
Which parts of the pathways carry de-oxygenated blood?
Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Artery
What is "transposition of the great vessels" and how does it affect blood circulation?
a condition that babies can be born with which causes the arteries leaving the left and
right ventricles to be switched. This affects blood circulation in that there is no cross
over, so the oxygenated blood from the lungs never makes it through the rest of the
body.
What is counter-current exchange/flow? Contrast it with co-current exchange.
Counter-Current: Flow between water and blood vessels in filament
Co-Current: Flow is parallel and blood reaches equilibrium
How does counter-current flow allow blood to pick up more oxygen than co-current flow
would?
(Know that animals use counter-current flow and not co-current flow.)
Blood becomes more saturated as it moves opposite the water, but meets with fresher
water the further it moves, allowing it to continue gaining oxygen.
How does the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues determine how much O2 will be
released to them?
The more Co2 there is the more O2 will be administered into that tissue
What is the Bohr shift? How is it adaptive for supplying tissues that are working hard
with more oxygen?
Low pH decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2, this is the Bohr shift. Where CO2
production is greater (sites of activity) hemoglobin releases more O2 which can then be
used to support more cellular respiration
Q. Where does N-wastes come from?
Breaking down of proteins
Which of these nitrogenous wastes is least energetically expensive and most
energetically expensive to produce?
Least: Ammonia
Most: Uric acid
Q. Under what conditions is ammonia excreted?
Ammonia- very toxic, little energy to produce, lots of water to dilute
Q. Under what conditions is uric acid excreted?
Uric acid- not toxic, lots of energy to convert, little to no water to excrete
Q. Under what conditions is urea excreted?
Urea- less toxic, takes energy to convert to urea, less water to dilute
Q. Name/label the parts of the vertebrate nephron and indicate where it is permeable to
water and where salt is pumped out.
How does the reabsorption of urea into the interstitial fluid surrounding the loop of Henle
allow for an increased ability to pull water out of the nephron? (Relate the movement of
different molecules to changes in the filtrate.)
Helps maintain the osmotic interstitial fluid around the loop of Henle
How does antidiuretic hormone control water absorption in the collecting duct?
,ADH makes the wall of the collecting duct more permeable to water, more water leaves,
urinate less frequently
How does alcohol affect water absorption (and therefore cause dehydration)?
When you drink, ADH is inhibited making the collecting duct less permeable to water,
more water stays, urinate more frequently
Q. What is the function of the nervous system?
Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication
among its parts.
Q. What is the difference between a "neuron" and a "nerve"?
the nerve cells that transfer information within the body are neurons.when neurons are
bundled together they form nerves.
Q. Sketch and label a single neuron - be sure to label all 4 parts.
Q. Where would you find voltage-sensitive gated channels?
axon
Q. Where would you find chemically-sensitive gated channels?
synaptic terminal
Q. Apply the terms to the dynamics of nerve signal transmission:
• Resting potential, action potential, depolarization, hyperpolarization, repolarization.
Resting potential: gates all closed
Action potential: receptors are stimulated and the Na+ activated gates open.
Depolarization: Na+ makes inside more positive by going into the cell.
hyperpolarization: K+ makes inside more negative by going out of the cell.
Repolarization: Passive ions restore the ion charge gradient.
What is meant by "threshold"? Relate this to how action potentials are "all or nothing".
Activation potential can start a reaction in ion gated channels
Why doesn't an action potential go backwards?
Refractory period prevents signal from going backward
Explain in detail how action potentials are propagated along an axon including the types
and structure of the ion gates/pumps. Include the activation & inactivation gates
associated with the Na+ channels.
The axon is stimulated by a voltage charge, which makes the activation Na+ ion
channels to open, once they are open the Na+ ions rush in the cell making the inside
more positive. The leads to inactivation Na+ ion channel to close and the K+ ion
channel to open to make the cell less positive. Then the
Q. Revisit the in-class worksheet (and lab) - be able to sketch the neuron set up, label
the action potential diagram of voltage changes, identify what gates are open/closed at
each of the labeled parts (a-e).
Q. Which ion gates open at the axon terminus?
Ca+ ion gates open
Q. What does calcium do in the axon terminus?
Binds to the vesicles and signals them to fuse with the cell membrane , the contents are
released into the synaptic cleft
, Q. What is a synaptic vesicle? What role does it play in passing the signal from to
another cell?
It contains the neurotransmitters and transports them from neuron to neuron
Q. Describe all the steps involved in passing the signal from the pre-synaptic nerve to
the post-synaptic nerve. Include the role of calcium ions and neurotransmitters.
Vesicles with neurotransmitters are made in the Golgi, they migrate and are stores in
the axon terminus, action potential causes Ca2+ gates to open on cell membrane which
bind to the vesicles causing them to fuse with the cell membrane and release them into
the synaptic cleft, the post-synaptic cell has receptors specific for the neurotransmitters,
the receptors are part of the ion channels and are chemically sensitive on dendrites
What is the role of the Hillock in the post-synaptic nerve?
It sums the signals, determines if signal is at threshold to begin action potential
Q. Determine whether or not a post-synaptic cell will experience an EPSP or an IPSP, if
it will depolarize or hyperpolarize if given a scenario.
EPSP: Permeable to K+ and Na+ (depolarizes)
IPSP: Permeable to K+ and Cl- (hyperpolarizes)
Q. What is the difference between temporal and spatial summation in the post-synaptic
cell?
Temporal: (One synapse) timing fast or slow pulse
Spatial: (Multiple synapses) multiple signals to reach threshold
Q. What is the function of a Schwann cell? (LBL)
Puts myelin around axons to insulate them
Q. Describe the pathway from a sensory cell, to the brain, and back out to a muscle or
other responding tissue.
Sensory input=>Integration=>Motor output
Q. What is the "peripheral nervous system"? What is the "central nervous system"?
Peripheral nervous system: the neurons that carry information into and out of the central
nervous system
Central Nervous System: spinal cord and brain that processes and integrates input,
coordinates output
Q. Name the three types of muscle and indicate where each is found (in general).
Smooth: Hollow walls of organs
Cardiac: Heart
Skeletal: Attached to the bones
Q. Which type of muscle is associated with arteries and veins?
cardiac
Q. Label a diagram (or slide) of striated muscle showing the following:
Z-lines, Actin, Myosin, Troponin, Tropomyosin, Calcium receptors.
Q. Give a blow-by-blow account of muscle contraction and relaxation including all of the
key players:
Actin, myosin, Z=lines, toponin, tropomyosin, calcium, sarcoplasmic reticulum, ATP,
ADP+P.
