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Discourse - Answer- The study of language units longer than a single sentence,
focusing on how spoken or written texts are structured and organised to create
meaning. It involves the analysis of connected speech or writing in its social context,
encompassing how participants manage interaction, coherence, and cohesion.
Coherence - Answer- The overall logical sense and meaning of a text — how well it
holds together as a whole.
Cohesion - Answer- The linguistic devices (e.g. pronouns, conjunctions, repetition) that
connect parts of a text together.
Non-Fluency Features - Answer- The natural, spontaneous parts of speech that occur
when speaking off the cuff (e.g. pauses, filled pauses, repetition, false starts, repair).
Pauses (..) (...) - Answer- A non-fluency feature indicating hesitation, thinking,
nervousness, or in formal speech: seriousness, suspense, or thought.
Filled Pauses - Answer- Sounds like "um," "uh," "er," "ah" used to fill silence while the
speaker thinks — a type of non-fluency feature.
Repetition - Answer- Repeating a word or phrase, often as a non-fluency feature
reflecting unplanned speech.
False Start - Answer- Beginning an utterance and then quickly abandoning it (e.g. "Well
the thing is... You, see it's not actually my fault.") — a non-fluency feature.
Repair - Answer- Correcting or fixing a previous utterance mid-speech (e.g. "I have, I
mean had, enough money.") — a non-fluency feature.
Openings and Closings - Answer- The patterns speakers follow to start and end a
discourse, including salutations, vocatives, and formulaic endings.
Salutations - Answer- Greetings used to open discourse (e.g. "Hi," "Good Morning") — a
type of opening.
Vocatives - Answer- Directly addressing someone by name at the opening of discourse
(e.g. "Dear Mandy...").
Formulaic Endings - Answer- Set phrases used to close a discourse (e.g. "Well, I'd
better get going...").