BIO 210 FINAL EXAM
GENETICS 2025/2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS GRADED A+ || 100%
GUARANTEED PASS RECENT VERSION
1. The genetic flow of material between organisms is dependent on four critical
characteristics: - ANSWER - replication of material
- storage of the information
- expression of the information
- variation through mutation
2. Three criteria that must be met for a successful mapping cross to occur -
ANSWER 1. For all loci involved in the mapping process, the genotypes
must be heterozygous.
There must be a distinct phenotype for all genes under consideration since
genotypes cannot be directly observed.
A sufficient number of offspring must be observed to cover a representative
sample number.
3. What are the heteromorphic chromosomes - ANSWER X and Y - sex
determining
The Y chromosome has SRY - sex determining region, which codes for TDF
- testes-determining factor
,4. In Klinefelter syndrome, individuals with an ______ phenotype are very tall
and have male genitalia that are typically underdeveloped and fail to produce
sperm - ANSWER XXY
Klinefelter syndrome is the most common sex chromosome disorder in males
and occurs in 0.15% of male births.
Histones are negatively or positively charged - ANSWER Positively
DNA is negatively charged
5. It is the absence of the __ chromosome, not the presence of the__
chromosome, that drives the female phenotype. - ANSWER Y
X
6. Bacteria that can grow on minimal media are called ___________________
- ANSWER prototrophic
7. The two basic types of metabolism - ANSWER Anabolic reactions and
Catabolic reactions.
8. Anabolism - ANSWER Links smaller molecules into larger and more
complex ones. Requires an input of energy. Energy is captured in the
chemical bonds that form.
9. Catabolism - ANSWER Breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones
& often releases the energy stored in the chemical bonds.
10.Reduction - ANSWER Gain of electrons during a chemical reaction.
,11.Oxidation - ANSWER The loss of electrons from a substance involved in
a redox reaction.
12.ATP - ANSWER (adenosine triphosphate) The main energy source that
cells use for most of their work. "The Cell's Currency."
13.Glycolysis - ANSWER The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing
energy and pyruvic acid.
14.Microfilaments - ANSWER Threads involved in the movement of
cytoplasm.
15.Carrier Proteins - ANSWER Binds to molecules and changes their shape
to shuttle them across the membrane.
16.Channel Proteins - ANSWER Provides corridors that allow a specific
molecule or ion to cross the membrane.
17.Electron Transport Chain - ANSWER A sequence of electron carrier
molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox
reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
18.Type 1 Diabetes - ANSWER - No insulin production
- Glucose stuck in the bloodstream (excreted through urine)
- Needs insulin injections to help bind glucose & make ATP
, 19.Type 2 Diabetes - ANSWER - Receptors cannot bind to insulin (fewer
receptors, more insulin/glucose)
- Caused by excess sugar intake over a period of time
- Needs a change in lifestyle (diet, exercise, etc.)
20.Glycogen Synthase - ANSWER An enzyme that synthesizes glucose into
glycogen.
21.Glycogen - ANSWER An extensively branched glucose
polymer/polysaccharide used to reserve/store energy.
22.cAMP - ANSWER (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) A second
messenger that translates extracellular signals (hormones, neurotransmitters,
etc.) into specific cellular responses. Activates PKA to regulate metabolism
& gene expression.
23.Protein Kinase A - ANSWER (PKA) A protein kinase activated by the
second messenger cAMP.
24.Cell Theory - ANSWER The concept of biology that states that all living
things are composed of one or more cells; that cells are the basic units of
structure and function in living things; and that new cells are produced from
existing cells.
Cell Membrane - ANSWER thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what
enters and leaves the cell
GENETICS 2025/2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS GRADED A+ || 100%
GUARANTEED PASS RECENT VERSION
1. The genetic flow of material between organisms is dependent on four critical
characteristics: - ANSWER - replication of material
- storage of the information
- expression of the information
- variation through mutation
2. Three criteria that must be met for a successful mapping cross to occur -
ANSWER 1. For all loci involved in the mapping process, the genotypes
must be heterozygous.
There must be a distinct phenotype for all genes under consideration since
genotypes cannot be directly observed.
A sufficient number of offspring must be observed to cover a representative
sample number.
3. What are the heteromorphic chromosomes - ANSWER X and Y - sex
determining
The Y chromosome has SRY - sex determining region, which codes for TDF
- testes-determining factor
,4. In Klinefelter syndrome, individuals with an ______ phenotype are very tall
and have male genitalia that are typically underdeveloped and fail to produce
sperm - ANSWER XXY
Klinefelter syndrome is the most common sex chromosome disorder in males
and occurs in 0.15% of male births.
Histones are negatively or positively charged - ANSWER Positively
DNA is negatively charged
5. It is the absence of the __ chromosome, not the presence of the__
chromosome, that drives the female phenotype. - ANSWER Y
X
6. Bacteria that can grow on minimal media are called ___________________
- ANSWER prototrophic
7. The two basic types of metabolism - ANSWER Anabolic reactions and
Catabolic reactions.
8. Anabolism - ANSWER Links smaller molecules into larger and more
complex ones. Requires an input of energy. Energy is captured in the
chemical bonds that form.
9. Catabolism - ANSWER Breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones
& often releases the energy stored in the chemical bonds.
10.Reduction - ANSWER Gain of electrons during a chemical reaction.
,11.Oxidation - ANSWER The loss of electrons from a substance involved in
a redox reaction.
12.ATP - ANSWER (adenosine triphosphate) The main energy source that
cells use for most of their work. "The Cell's Currency."
13.Glycolysis - ANSWER The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing
energy and pyruvic acid.
14.Microfilaments - ANSWER Threads involved in the movement of
cytoplasm.
15.Carrier Proteins - ANSWER Binds to molecules and changes their shape
to shuttle them across the membrane.
16.Channel Proteins - ANSWER Provides corridors that allow a specific
molecule or ion to cross the membrane.
17.Electron Transport Chain - ANSWER A sequence of electron carrier
molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox
reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
18.Type 1 Diabetes - ANSWER - No insulin production
- Glucose stuck in the bloodstream (excreted through urine)
- Needs insulin injections to help bind glucose & make ATP
, 19.Type 2 Diabetes - ANSWER - Receptors cannot bind to insulin (fewer
receptors, more insulin/glucose)
- Caused by excess sugar intake over a period of time
- Needs a change in lifestyle (diet, exercise, etc.)
20.Glycogen Synthase - ANSWER An enzyme that synthesizes glucose into
glycogen.
21.Glycogen - ANSWER An extensively branched glucose
polymer/polysaccharide used to reserve/store energy.
22.cAMP - ANSWER (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) A second
messenger that translates extracellular signals (hormones, neurotransmitters,
etc.) into specific cellular responses. Activates PKA to regulate metabolism
& gene expression.
23.Protein Kinase A - ANSWER (PKA) A protein kinase activated by the
second messenger cAMP.
24.Cell Theory - ANSWER The concept of biology that states that all living
things are composed of one or more cells; that cells are the basic units of
structure and function in living things; and that new cells are produced from
existing cells.
Cell Membrane - ANSWER thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what
enters and leaves the cell
