Inernaonal hospialiy summary
CH1
1.1 Culural onion by Edgar Schein
1. Ouer layer: Areacs o culure. These are he rs hings you noce when enering a new
counry. Bicycle lanes, all people, how someone dresses.
2. Middle layer: Norms and values. Wrien and unwrien sandards o correc desired
behavior. How lae is accepable, wha do we see as good or righ. Ex. Sanding up or elder
people on he bus.
3. Basic assumpons. Percepon o he world around us and he judgmens we make o ohers
are shaped or disored by he basic assumpons o our culure
1.2 Denions of culure
1. Edward b Tylor: Culure belongs o a sociey or group and culure is somehing ha we learn
2. Edgar Schein: culure is a paern o shared basic assumpons ha he group learned as i
solved is problems o exernal adapaon and inernal inegraon, ha has worked well
enough o be considered valid and hereore o be augh o new members as he correc
wa o hink, perceive, and eel in relaon o hose problems.
3. Mijnd Huijser: Culure is a groups’ se o shared norms and values expressed in he behavior
o he groups’ members.
4. Geer Hofsede: Culure is he collecve programming o he mind, which disnguishes he
members o one group or caegory o people rom anoher
1.3 Culural programming
How does programming happen
1. Upbringing
2. Socializaon
3. Percepon
Three levels o programming:
1. Individual
2. Culural
3. Human naure
Hunger: human naure makes us look or ood, hen culural programming makes us ea i wih ork
and knie. However, individuals may choose o no ea wih knie and ork, or o no share.
1.4 culure and subculure
Collecve indicaes he groups or subgroups we belong o.
Possible subculures
Connen (Asian or American)
Counry (Chinese or Japanese)
Ehnic (Turkish people in he Neherlands)
Regional (ries or Roerdam’s)
Urban or rural
Religion
1
, Social class
Gender
Age
Proession
Hobbies
1.5 inerculural communicaon
Inerculural communicaon is he communicaon beween sources and receivers rom dieren
culures.
When a message is received wrong(rude) or ransmied wrong because i was via email. We call i
noise in he communicaon
1.6 noise
Exernal noise: Inererence rom he environmen. People alking loudly, or blocking your view
Inernal noise: Emoons, worries, or personal prejudices are getng in he way o paying aenon o
wha is being communicaed.
Culural noise: dierence in culure disor he message. Eye conac or loudness o your voice migh
be dieren in oher culures
1.7 opoi model
Tongue, order, persons, organizaon and inenon&inuence
Tongue: language aspec o communicaons
Verbal language: one word can have dieren meanings
Nonverbal language: Shaking hands in Indonesia.
Order: our behavior is guided by our own sense o logic, wha makes sense o you migh no make
sense o anoher person. (zwarepieen)
Persons: relaonship can aler he meaning o wha is being said.
Symmerical relaonships: are beween equals, riends, brohers or classmaes.
Complemenary relaonships: beween people a dieren levels o auhoriy. Parens, bosses.
Organizaons: Organizaonal srucures ha are no amiliar can be he cause o misundersanding.
Ex. Going sraigh o he hospial insead o being reerred by he gp
Intenon and influence: Wha are he aim and moves or he communicaon.
1.8 global cizenship
2
CH1
1.1 Culural onion by Edgar Schein
1. Ouer layer: Areacs o culure. These are he rs hings you noce when enering a new
counry. Bicycle lanes, all people, how someone dresses.
2. Middle layer: Norms and values. Wrien and unwrien sandards o correc desired
behavior. How lae is accepable, wha do we see as good or righ. Ex. Sanding up or elder
people on he bus.
3. Basic assumpons. Percepon o he world around us and he judgmens we make o ohers
are shaped or disored by he basic assumpons o our culure
1.2 Denions of culure
1. Edward b Tylor: Culure belongs o a sociey or group and culure is somehing ha we learn
2. Edgar Schein: culure is a paern o shared basic assumpons ha he group learned as i
solved is problems o exernal adapaon and inernal inegraon, ha has worked well
enough o be considered valid and hereore o be augh o new members as he correc
wa o hink, perceive, and eel in relaon o hose problems.
3. Mijnd Huijser: Culure is a groups’ se o shared norms and values expressed in he behavior
o he groups’ members.
4. Geer Hofsede: Culure is he collecve programming o he mind, which disnguishes he
members o one group or caegory o people rom anoher
1.3 Culural programming
How does programming happen
1. Upbringing
2. Socializaon
3. Percepon
Three levels o programming:
1. Individual
2. Culural
3. Human naure
Hunger: human naure makes us look or ood, hen culural programming makes us ea i wih ork
and knie. However, individuals may choose o no ea wih knie and ork, or o no share.
1.4 culure and subculure
Collecve indicaes he groups or subgroups we belong o.
Possible subculures
Connen (Asian or American)
Counry (Chinese or Japanese)
Ehnic (Turkish people in he Neherlands)
Regional (ries or Roerdam’s)
Urban or rural
Religion
1
, Social class
Gender
Age
Proession
Hobbies
1.5 inerculural communicaon
Inerculural communicaon is he communicaon beween sources and receivers rom dieren
culures.
When a message is received wrong(rude) or ransmied wrong because i was via email. We call i
noise in he communicaon
1.6 noise
Exernal noise: Inererence rom he environmen. People alking loudly, or blocking your view
Inernal noise: Emoons, worries, or personal prejudices are getng in he way o paying aenon o
wha is being communicaed.
Culural noise: dierence in culure disor he message. Eye conac or loudness o your voice migh
be dieren in oher culures
1.7 opoi model
Tongue, order, persons, organizaon and inenon&inuence
Tongue: language aspec o communicaons
Verbal language: one word can have dieren meanings
Nonverbal language: Shaking hands in Indonesia.
Order: our behavior is guided by our own sense o logic, wha makes sense o you migh no make
sense o anoher person. (zwarepieen)
Persons: relaonship can aler he meaning o wha is being said.
Symmerical relaonships: are beween equals, riends, brohers or classmaes.
Complemenary relaonships: beween people a dieren levels o auhoriy. Parens, bosses.
Organizaons: Organizaonal srucures ha are no amiliar can be he cause o misundersanding.
Ex. Going sraigh o he hospial insead o being reerred by he gp
Intenon and influence: Wha are he aim and moves or he communicaon.
1.8 global cizenship
2
