All Figures for Database Principles Fundamentals of Design, Implementation and Management, International.pdf

All Figures for Database
Principles Fundamentals of
Design, Implementation and
Management, International

📘 Database Principles – KEY FIGURES
(Recreated & Explained)

🔹 1. Database System Architecture
Users → Application Programs → DBMS → Database


💡 Explanation:
●​ Users interact with applications
●​ Applications communicate with DBMS
●​ DBMS manages the database




🔹 2. Three-Level Architecture
External Level (User Views)
↓
Conceptual Level (Logical Structure)
↓
Internal Level (Physical Storage)


💡 Helps with data independence

,🔹 3. Basic ER Diagram
[Customer] ─── places ─── [Order]


💡 Entities = Customer, Order​
💡 Relationship = places

🔹 4. One-to-Many (1:M)
Customer (1) ─────< Order (Many)


💡 One customer can have many orders

🔹 5. Many-to-Many (M:N)
Student >────< Course


💡 Needs a junction table (Enrollment)

🔹 6. Primary Key Example
Student Table
ID (PK) | Name | Age


💡 Primary key uniquely identifies each record

🔹 7. Foreign Key Relationship
Orders Table
OrderID | CustomerID (FK)

, 💡 Links to Customer table

🔹 8. Normalization (1NF → 3NF)
❌ Before:
Student | Courses
John | Math, Science



✅ After (1NF):
Student | Course
John | Math
John | Science




🔹 9. Functional Dependency
StudentID → StudentName


💡 One determines the other

🔹 10. Data Flow Diagram (Simple)
Input → Process → Output




🔹 11. Relational Schema
Student(ID, Name, Age)
Course(ID, Title)
Enrollment(StudentID, CourseID)




🔹 12. SQL Query Flow