NUR 502 Advanced Pathophysiology – Review
Topics for Chapter 3 & 4 | Questions and Answers
Latest Updated (Graded A+)-STU
Review Topics for Chapter 3 & 4
(Hematopoietic Function and Cardiovascular Function).
1. A new painless palpable lymph node in the neck accompanied by recent
weight loss could be a sign of? Hodgkin lymphoma
2. A mediastinal mass and mediastinal nodes present on X-ray, could be signs
of which type of cancer? Hodgkin Lymphoma
3. What is the function of the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
Therapeutic fibrinolytic agents used for MI or ischemic stroke (dissolves
clots)
4. What are the characteristics of each type of anemia?
Anemia: a common acquired or inherited disorder of the erythrocytes that
impairs the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Can result from 1) a
decreased production of RBCs such as from lack of requisites such as iron or
bone marrow dysfunction and 2) increased loss of RBCs such as would
occur with destruction or blood loss.
*weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope, dyspnea, tachycardia is seen regardless
of the cause of anemia*
• Iron deficiency anemia- Microcytic: cyanosis of sclera, brittle nails,
spoon-shaped nails (koilonychia), decreased appetite, headache,
irritability, stomatitis, unusual food cravings (pica), delayed healing.
• Megaloblastic anemia- Macrocytic: (vitamin B12 and Folic acid
deficiency) Vitamin B12 deficiency manifestations take longer to
develop than folic acid. Vit B12 deficiency is associated with the
development of neuropsychiatric symptoms (paresthesia in BLE,
proprioception and gait can be altered , irritability, depression or
personality changes).
• Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation- Normocytic: Manifestations
depend on the underlying disease causing the anemia (ex. Chronic
kidney disease).
• Aplastic anemia- Normocytic: (bone marrow failing to produce
multipotent hematopoietic stem cell precursors) s/s of those of general
anemia and thrombocytopenia.
, • Sickle cell anemia- Normocytic: Swelling and pain in the hands and
feet (dactylitis), fever, fatigue, irritability, pallor, jaundice, pain in
lower back, chest, abdomen and long bones.
• Thalassemia- Microcytic: (abnormal hemoglobin): may be
asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. Symptoms may appear later on
which include delayed growth, skeletal deformities, hepatomegaly,
splenomegaly
5. Type of hematologic cancer should be suspected on a pediatric patient with
only symptoms: hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, small bruises:
Leukemia
6. Diagnosis for a bleeding disease characterized by hemorrhage in the joints
and muscles following minor injuries. Laboratory test reveal deficiency of a
coagulation factor.
• Hemophilia A (more common) involves abnormal clothing factor VII
• Hemophilia B involves abnormal clothing factor IX
7. How would you diagnose multiple myeloma?
Multiple Myeloma: A cancer of the plasma cells that most often affects older
adults (3rd most common type of blood cancer). Because the plasma cells
originate from B cells, MM is classified as a type of NHL.
• CRAB- hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, bone lesions
• Diagnosis often made incidentally during routine labs or imaging
• Diagnostic criteria: monoclonal antibodies in bone marrow, urine or
blood; one or more of the CRAB features
• If MM is suspected, serum protein electrophoresis is used to analyze
monoclonal proteins (detects the presence of M-protein and allows for
measurement of the size of M protein)
8. Abnormal immunoglobulins known as M proteins and free light
chains produced by plasma cells are characteristic of Multiple Myeloma
9. What abnormalities are associated with leukemia?
Leukemia: cancer of the leukocytes. The bone marrow stem cells make
abnormal leukocytes, or leukemia cells, that then travel through the vascular
system affecting different organs.
• Fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, bruising, petechiae, bone and joint pain,
lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, weight loss, anorexia
Topics for Chapter 3 & 4 | Questions and Answers
Latest Updated (Graded A+)-STU
Review Topics for Chapter 3 & 4
(Hematopoietic Function and Cardiovascular Function).
1. A new painless palpable lymph node in the neck accompanied by recent
weight loss could be a sign of? Hodgkin lymphoma
2. A mediastinal mass and mediastinal nodes present on X-ray, could be signs
of which type of cancer? Hodgkin Lymphoma
3. What is the function of the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
Therapeutic fibrinolytic agents used for MI or ischemic stroke (dissolves
clots)
4. What are the characteristics of each type of anemia?
Anemia: a common acquired or inherited disorder of the erythrocytes that
impairs the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Can result from 1) a
decreased production of RBCs such as from lack of requisites such as iron or
bone marrow dysfunction and 2) increased loss of RBCs such as would
occur with destruction or blood loss.
*weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope, dyspnea, tachycardia is seen regardless
of the cause of anemia*
• Iron deficiency anemia- Microcytic: cyanosis of sclera, brittle nails,
spoon-shaped nails (koilonychia), decreased appetite, headache,
irritability, stomatitis, unusual food cravings (pica), delayed healing.
• Megaloblastic anemia- Macrocytic: (vitamin B12 and Folic acid
deficiency) Vitamin B12 deficiency manifestations take longer to
develop than folic acid. Vit B12 deficiency is associated with the
development of neuropsychiatric symptoms (paresthesia in BLE,
proprioception and gait can be altered , irritability, depression or
personality changes).
• Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation- Normocytic: Manifestations
depend on the underlying disease causing the anemia (ex. Chronic
kidney disease).
• Aplastic anemia- Normocytic: (bone marrow failing to produce
multipotent hematopoietic stem cell precursors) s/s of those of general
anemia and thrombocytopenia.
, • Sickle cell anemia- Normocytic: Swelling and pain in the hands and
feet (dactylitis), fever, fatigue, irritability, pallor, jaundice, pain in
lower back, chest, abdomen and long bones.
• Thalassemia- Microcytic: (abnormal hemoglobin): may be
asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. Symptoms may appear later on
which include delayed growth, skeletal deformities, hepatomegaly,
splenomegaly
5. Type of hematologic cancer should be suspected on a pediatric patient with
only symptoms: hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, small bruises:
Leukemia
6. Diagnosis for a bleeding disease characterized by hemorrhage in the joints
and muscles following minor injuries. Laboratory test reveal deficiency of a
coagulation factor.
• Hemophilia A (more common) involves abnormal clothing factor VII
• Hemophilia B involves abnormal clothing factor IX
7. How would you diagnose multiple myeloma?
Multiple Myeloma: A cancer of the plasma cells that most often affects older
adults (3rd most common type of blood cancer). Because the plasma cells
originate from B cells, MM is classified as a type of NHL.
• CRAB- hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, bone lesions
• Diagnosis often made incidentally during routine labs or imaging
• Diagnostic criteria: monoclonal antibodies in bone marrow, urine or
blood; one or more of the CRAB features
• If MM is suspected, serum protein electrophoresis is used to analyze
monoclonal proteins (detects the presence of M-protein and allows for
measurement of the size of M protein)
8. Abnormal immunoglobulins known as M proteins and free light
chains produced by plasma cells are characteristic of Multiple Myeloma
9. What abnormalities are associated with leukemia?
Leukemia: cancer of the leukocytes. The bone marrow stem cells make
abnormal leukocytes, or leukemia cells, that then travel through the vascular
system affecting different organs.
• Fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, bruising, petechiae, bone and joint pain,
lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, weight loss, anorexia
