NUR 502 Advanced Pathophysiology Study Guide: Review Topics
for Chapter 9 & 10 |Latest Update with Complete Solution-STU
Review Topics for Chapters 9 and 10 (GI & Endocrine Function)
1. Intestinal malrotation: a congenital condition that results from a problem in the
normal formation of the fetal intestines
Meckel diverticulum: common congenital malformation of the GI tract that results
in herniation of all layers of the small bowel wall, not just the mucosa as in
diverticular disease.
Pyloric stenosis: also known as infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, is a
narrowing and obstruction of the pyloric sphincter. The pyloric sphincter muscle
fibers become thick and stiff, making it difficult for the stomach to empty food into
the small intestine.
Esophageal atresia: results from a congenital malformation of the esophagus. The
malformation leads to two separate esophageal sections- an upper and a lower
section that are not connected.
2. What are the signs and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. What is
the reason for the development of reflux?
Abnormalities in the lower esophageal sphincter
3. Learn how to interpret HCV test result.
A positive test indicates a previous or current infection
4. Meaning of being seropositive for viral hepatitis type D.
A coinfection with viral hepatitis type B
5. Common clinical manifestations of high ammonia levels in a patient with
cirrhosis: cognitive and mental status changes
6. Complication that occurs in infants born with an esophageal atresia and
tracheoesophageal fistula.
Aspiration pneumonia
7. Alcoholic patient for more than 15 years develops acute hematemesis. Review
, esophageal varices How do these varices develop?
High pressure in the portal system vasculature that leads to engorgement
8. Reasons/causes for fatty liver.
High BMI, Diabetes
9. Contributing factors for the development of cholelithiasis.
Cholelithiasis: stones (calculi) of varying sizes and shapes form inside the
gallbladder
• Advancing age, obesity, diet (high fat, high cholesterol, and low
fiber), rapid weight loss (ex. Bariatric surgery), pregnancy, hormone
replacement, certain chronic diseases (diabetes, hyperlipidemia, liver
disease) and long-term parenteral nutrition.
10. Changes in the gastrointestinal system associated with aging
Reduced liver blood flow and drug clearance
11. Changes in the liver that occur as a result of cirrhosis
Extracellular matrix degradation due to proteolytic activity
12. Clinical manifestations of new onset, uncomplicated gastroesophageal reflux
disease: heart burn and sour taste in mouth
13. Review diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile infection.
Small in quantity and frequent
14. What is the diagnostic evaluation for causes of gastritis?
Helicobacter pylori testing
15. Bile salts emulsifies fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) so that they can be
absorbed.
16. Type of epigastric pain that is relieved by food.
Peptic ulcer
17. Gallstones in the common bile duct signs and symptoms
Manifestations of choledocholithiasis include biliary colic symptoms and
abnormal liver tests (elevated bilirubin and ALP). Results in acute
cholangitis (stasis and infection in the biliary tract) which causes fever,
jaundice and abdominal pain.
18. How to determine liver injury?
for Chapter 9 & 10 |Latest Update with Complete Solution-STU
Review Topics for Chapters 9 and 10 (GI & Endocrine Function)
1. Intestinal malrotation: a congenital condition that results from a problem in the
normal formation of the fetal intestines
Meckel diverticulum: common congenital malformation of the GI tract that results
in herniation of all layers of the small bowel wall, not just the mucosa as in
diverticular disease.
Pyloric stenosis: also known as infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, is a
narrowing and obstruction of the pyloric sphincter. The pyloric sphincter muscle
fibers become thick and stiff, making it difficult for the stomach to empty food into
the small intestine.
Esophageal atresia: results from a congenital malformation of the esophagus. The
malformation leads to two separate esophageal sections- an upper and a lower
section that are not connected.
2. What are the signs and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. What is
the reason for the development of reflux?
Abnormalities in the lower esophageal sphincter
3. Learn how to interpret HCV test result.
A positive test indicates a previous or current infection
4. Meaning of being seropositive for viral hepatitis type D.
A coinfection with viral hepatitis type B
5. Common clinical manifestations of high ammonia levels in a patient with
cirrhosis: cognitive and mental status changes
6. Complication that occurs in infants born with an esophageal atresia and
tracheoesophageal fistula.
Aspiration pneumonia
7. Alcoholic patient for more than 15 years develops acute hematemesis. Review
, esophageal varices How do these varices develop?
High pressure in the portal system vasculature that leads to engorgement
8. Reasons/causes for fatty liver.
High BMI, Diabetes
9. Contributing factors for the development of cholelithiasis.
Cholelithiasis: stones (calculi) of varying sizes and shapes form inside the
gallbladder
• Advancing age, obesity, diet (high fat, high cholesterol, and low
fiber), rapid weight loss (ex. Bariatric surgery), pregnancy, hormone
replacement, certain chronic diseases (diabetes, hyperlipidemia, liver
disease) and long-term parenteral nutrition.
10. Changes in the gastrointestinal system associated with aging
Reduced liver blood flow and drug clearance
11. Changes in the liver that occur as a result of cirrhosis
Extracellular matrix degradation due to proteolytic activity
12. Clinical manifestations of new onset, uncomplicated gastroesophageal reflux
disease: heart burn and sour taste in mouth
13. Review diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile infection.
Small in quantity and frequent
14. What is the diagnostic evaluation for causes of gastritis?
Helicobacter pylori testing
15. Bile salts emulsifies fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) so that they can be
absorbed.
16. Type of epigastric pain that is relieved by food.
Peptic ulcer
17. Gallstones in the common bile duct signs and symptoms
Manifestations of choledocholithiasis include biliary colic symptoms and
abnormal liver tests (elevated bilirubin and ALP). Results in acute
cholangitis (stasis and infection in the biliary tract) which causes fever,
jaundice and abdominal pain.
18. How to determine liver injury?
