NUR 502 Advanced Pathophysiology Study Guide: Review
Topics for Chapter 7 & 8|Latest Update with Complete
Solution-STU
Review Topics for Chapter chapters 7 and 8 (Urinary Function;
Reproductive Function)
1. Different types of incontinence and patient presentation
• Stress incontinence: loss of urine from increased intraabdominal pressure
(cough, sneezing, laughing, exercising)
• Urge/overactive bladder: sudden, intense urge to urinate, preceding or
occurring simultaneously with an involuntary loss of urine
• Overflow incontinence: result of an inability to empty the bladder or
retention
• Mixed incontinence: more than 1 type of incontinence is experienced
• Functional incontinence: physical or mental impairment preventing
toileting on time
• Gross total incontinence: a continuous leaking of urine, day and night, or
the periodic uncontrollable leaking of large volumes of urine
• Transient incontinence: results from a temporary condition (delirium,
infection, anxiety, diuretics)
• Incontinence in children is divided into daytime or nighttime
2. When suspecting kidney stone, which diagnostic test is best to order to evaluate
the stone size, location, and hydronephrosis?
Nephrolithiasis: renal calculi (renal stones). Calculi are hard masses of crystals
composed of mineral that the kidneys normally excrete.
• A CT is the preferred diagnostic exam as it can detect stone size, location,
and presence of hydronephrosis
3. Know the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy
BPH is a common nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs
as men age, usually by 50.
• By age 50, approximately 50% of men will have lower urinary tract
symptoms that can be divided into storage and voiding symptoms
• Storage(irritative symptoms): daytime frequency, nocturia, urgency and
incontinence
• Voiding (obstructive symptoms): slowing or spraying of stream
• A large ( >17 grams ) palpable prostate that is smooth, symmetrical and
rubbery
, 4. Presentation and possible diagnosis of nephroblastoma.
Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma) is a rare kidney cancer that primarily affects
children.
• Tumor can grow large without causing pain (may go undetected). Usually
present with an abdominal mass or swelling with pain or without pain,
hematuria (40% of cases), fever (25% of cases), HTN (25%)
• History, physical exam, abdominal ultrasound initially. Then it is further
evaluated with an abdominal CT with contrast or abdominal MRI. Biopsy
is needed for histologic confirmation
• Labs ordered: BUN, creatinine, creatinine clearance, CBC, liver function
tests, serum calcium, coagulation studies, UA
5. What is the most likely cause of enuresis?
Enuresis is nighttime incontinence
• Common causes include nighttime polyuria due to increased fluids taken
at night or reduced ADH response or decreased ADH secretion, detrusor
overactivity and sleeping disorders
6. When uremic encephalopathy is suspected. What other manifestations would
support this complication?
Uremic encephalopathy: a cerebral dysfunction caused by the accumulation of
toxins resulting from acute or chronic renal failure
• Appears when glomerular infiltration rate falls between 10-15 because of
hyperparathyroidism
• Poor concentration (1st sign) that progresses to confusion, asterixis
(inability to maintain sustained posture), weakness, nystagmus (rapid
involuntary movements of the eyes) and hyperreflexia (hyperactive
stretch reflexes of the muscles)
7. What is the best action with a patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has
tall, peaked T waves on his electrocardiogram (ECG).
Check the serum potassium level
8. Urothelial cell carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma are sign and symptoms of?
Painless, asymptomatic hematuria
9. Discharge teaching for the patient after a nephrectomy for renal carcinoma.
The remaining kidney should provide normal renal function
Topics for Chapter 7 & 8|Latest Update with Complete
Solution-STU
Review Topics for Chapter chapters 7 and 8 (Urinary Function;
Reproductive Function)
1. Different types of incontinence and patient presentation
• Stress incontinence: loss of urine from increased intraabdominal pressure
(cough, sneezing, laughing, exercising)
• Urge/overactive bladder: sudden, intense urge to urinate, preceding or
occurring simultaneously with an involuntary loss of urine
• Overflow incontinence: result of an inability to empty the bladder or
retention
• Mixed incontinence: more than 1 type of incontinence is experienced
• Functional incontinence: physical or mental impairment preventing
toileting on time
• Gross total incontinence: a continuous leaking of urine, day and night, or
the periodic uncontrollable leaking of large volumes of urine
• Transient incontinence: results from a temporary condition (delirium,
infection, anxiety, diuretics)
• Incontinence in children is divided into daytime or nighttime
2. When suspecting kidney stone, which diagnostic test is best to order to evaluate
the stone size, location, and hydronephrosis?
Nephrolithiasis: renal calculi (renal stones). Calculi are hard masses of crystals
composed of mineral that the kidneys normally excrete.
• A CT is the preferred diagnostic exam as it can detect stone size, location,
and presence of hydronephrosis
3. Know the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy
BPH is a common nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs
as men age, usually by 50.
• By age 50, approximately 50% of men will have lower urinary tract
symptoms that can be divided into storage and voiding symptoms
• Storage(irritative symptoms): daytime frequency, nocturia, urgency and
incontinence
• Voiding (obstructive symptoms): slowing or spraying of stream
• A large ( >17 grams ) palpable prostate that is smooth, symmetrical and
rubbery
, 4. Presentation and possible diagnosis of nephroblastoma.
Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma) is a rare kidney cancer that primarily affects
children.
• Tumor can grow large without causing pain (may go undetected). Usually
present with an abdominal mass or swelling with pain or without pain,
hematuria (40% of cases), fever (25% of cases), HTN (25%)
• History, physical exam, abdominal ultrasound initially. Then it is further
evaluated with an abdominal CT with contrast or abdominal MRI. Biopsy
is needed for histologic confirmation
• Labs ordered: BUN, creatinine, creatinine clearance, CBC, liver function
tests, serum calcium, coagulation studies, UA
5. What is the most likely cause of enuresis?
Enuresis is nighttime incontinence
• Common causes include nighttime polyuria due to increased fluids taken
at night or reduced ADH response or decreased ADH secretion, detrusor
overactivity and sleeping disorders
6. When uremic encephalopathy is suspected. What other manifestations would
support this complication?
Uremic encephalopathy: a cerebral dysfunction caused by the accumulation of
toxins resulting from acute or chronic renal failure
• Appears when glomerular infiltration rate falls between 10-15 because of
hyperparathyroidism
• Poor concentration (1st sign) that progresses to confusion, asterixis
(inability to maintain sustained posture), weakness, nystagmus (rapid
involuntary movements of the eyes) and hyperreflexia (hyperactive
stretch reflexes of the muscles)
7. What is the best action with a patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has
tall, peaked T waves on his electrocardiogram (ECG).
Check the serum potassium level
8. Urothelial cell carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma are sign and symptoms of?
Painless, asymptomatic hematuria
9. Discharge teaching for the patient after a nephrectomy for renal carcinoma.
The remaining kidney should provide normal renal function
