NUR 641E Midterm Study Guide (2026/2027) Exam
Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+
UPDATE 2026|2027!!
Prodrug An inactive drug dosage form that is
converted to an active metabolite by various
biochemical reactions once it is inside the
body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is
absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug
dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and
first pass
Steady state (of a drug) stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half
,lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal
to amount being eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics The process by which drugs are
absorbed, distributed within the body,
metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass the fact that a medication in the GI tract
passes through the liver before entering
other organs
does not bioequivalence does/does not affect
bioavailability
Bioequivalence relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically
equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) -chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 -enzymes that function to metabolize
potentially toxic compounds, including drugs
and products of endogenous metabolism
, such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants,
antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when
taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors
(ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there
is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma
concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer An inducer increases the metabolism of a
substrate resulting in a decreased level or
effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a
substrate resulting in an increased level or
effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel prodrug that must be activated by hepatic
CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are
poor metabolizers may not form the
active metabolite and have reduced
antiplatelet response
Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+
UPDATE 2026|2027!!
Prodrug An inactive drug dosage form that is
converted to an active metabolite by various
biochemical reactions once it is inside the
body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is
absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug
dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and
first pass
Steady state (of a drug) stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half
,lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal
to amount being eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics The process by which drugs are
absorbed, distributed within the body,
metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass the fact that a medication in the GI tract
passes through the liver before entering
other organs
does not bioequivalence does/does not affect
bioavailability
Bioequivalence relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically
equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) -chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 -enzymes that function to metabolize
potentially toxic compounds, including drugs
and products of endogenous metabolism
, such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants,
antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when
taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors
(ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there
is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma
concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer An inducer increases the metabolism of a
substrate resulting in a decreased level or
effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a
substrate resulting in an increased level or
effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel prodrug that must be activated by hepatic
CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are
poor metabolizers may not form the
active metabolite and have reduced
antiplatelet response
