BIOMOLECULES
KEY POINTS
Define Carbohydrates?
Ans: Carbohydrates can be defined as optically active
polyhydroxy (ek se jyada OH group) aldehyde or ketone or
the compounds which produce such units on hydrolysis.
What are the requirements for a compound to be a
reducing sugar?
Ans: 1. Aldehyde, 2. Alpha hydroxy ketone or aldehyde
(ketones are generally not considered to be as a reducing
sugars except alpha hydroxy ketones) 3. Hemiacetal group
(carbon attached with alcohol and OR group)
All monosaccharides whether aldose or ketose, they are
reducing sugars.
Glucose and fructose are functional isomers of each
other.
Glucose has 4 chiral carbons and 2 raised to power 4
stereoisomers present.
Which reaction confirmed that the compound is a glucose?
Ans: Bromine water indeed is a great oxidizing agent which
indicated the presence of aldehyde or carbonyl group in
,the compound confirming that the compound is a glucose.
For osazone formation how many moles of phenyl hydrazine
are used?
Ans: 3 moles of phenyl hydrazine are used. (osazone
reaction photo is stored in gallery)
After Denaturation of protein which structure remains the
same?
Ans: The primary structure remains the same after the
denaturation of the protein.
Which organic purine base have ketonic group present in
it?
Ans: Guanine.
NOTE: Sorbitol is formed after reduction of glucose.
Sorbitol is the compound same as glucose but sirf upar
ka CHO group ki jagah it will form 1 degree alcohol .
In alpha D(+)glucopyranose structure there are 5
chiral carbons present.
Alpha D glucose and Beta D glucose are C1-anomers
of each other (C1 and C4 ). Basically anomers are the
opposite functional grp on each carbon.
Mutarotation: Mutarotation is the change in the optical
solution due to the change in the equilibrium between alpha
,and beta anomers, by dissolving in the aqueous solution.
This process can also be termed as anomerization. (Alpha
beta mein convert ho rha hai and this process happens in
equilibrium at a continuous rate)
Alpha D furanose and beta D furanose are C2-
anomers of each other.
Since the reducing sugars of glucose and fructose are
involved in glycosidic bond linkage therefore sucrose is
a non-reducing sugars,(free hemiacetal grp not free).
Cellulose is a predominant constituent of cell wall of
plant cells.
Cellulose linkage between C1 and C4 of beta D
glucose.
All proteins are polymers of alpha amino acid.
Protein : R-CH-COOH
NH2 - Also called as alpha D amino
Only alpha amino acids are obtained on hydrolysis of
proteins.
Most naturally occurring amino acids have L-
configuration.
Insulin contains 51 amino acids.
, Fibrous proteins contain hydrogen and disulphide
bonds.
Examples: keratin present in wool, hair and silk and
myosin present in muscles.
Globular: example – insulin and albumins.
Sequence of amino acids are said to be the primary
structure of proteins.
Secondary structure of proteins refers to the
structure of polypeptide chain.
There are two types of structure under secondary
structure of proteins: alpha helix and beta structure.
Alpha helix is in the form of coil and beta is in the
zigzag shape or thin sheets.
They both form hydrogen bonding (forces) which
stabilizes the secondary structure of protein
The main forces which stabilizes the secondary and
tertiary are hydrogen bonds, disulphide linkages, van
der waal forces, electrostatic force.
If we add base in the reaction with fructose it gives
the product as glucose.
The coagulation of egg white on boiling is a common
example of denaturation of protein. Curdling of milk
which is caused due to the formation of lactic acid by
the bacteria in milk.
Nucleic acid are long chain polymer of nucleotides.
KEY POINTS
Define Carbohydrates?
Ans: Carbohydrates can be defined as optically active
polyhydroxy (ek se jyada OH group) aldehyde or ketone or
the compounds which produce such units on hydrolysis.
What are the requirements for a compound to be a
reducing sugar?
Ans: 1. Aldehyde, 2. Alpha hydroxy ketone or aldehyde
(ketones are generally not considered to be as a reducing
sugars except alpha hydroxy ketones) 3. Hemiacetal group
(carbon attached with alcohol and OR group)
All monosaccharides whether aldose or ketose, they are
reducing sugars.
Glucose and fructose are functional isomers of each
other.
Glucose has 4 chiral carbons and 2 raised to power 4
stereoisomers present.
Which reaction confirmed that the compound is a glucose?
Ans: Bromine water indeed is a great oxidizing agent which
indicated the presence of aldehyde or carbonyl group in
,the compound confirming that the compound is a glucose.
For osazone formation how many moles of phenyl hydrazine
are used?
Ans: 3 moles of phenyl hydrazine are used. (osazone
reaction photo is stored in gallery)
After Denaturation of protein which structure remains the
same?
Ans: The primary structure remains the same after the
denaturation of the protein.
Which organic purine base have ketonic group present in
it?
Ans: Guanine.
NOTE: Sorbitol is formed after reduction of glucose.
Sorbitol is the compound same as glucose but sirf upar
ka CHO group ki jagah it will form 1 degree alcohol .
In alpha D(+)glucopyranose structure there are 5
chiral carbons present.
Alpha D glucose and Beta D glucose are C1-anomers
of each other (C1 and C4 ). Basically anomers are the
opposite functional grp on each carbon.
Mutarotation: Mutarotation is the change in the optical
solution due to the change in the equilibrium between alpha
,and beta anomers, by dissolving in the aqueous solution.
This process can also be termed as anomerization. (Alpha
beta mein convert ho rha hai and this process happens in
equilibrium at a continuous rate)
Alpha D furanose and beta D furanose are C2-
anomers of each other.
Since the reducing sugars of glucose and fructose are
involved in glycosidic bond linkage therefore sucrose is
a non-reducing sugars,(free hemiacetal grp not free).
Cellulose is a predominant constituent of cell wall of
plant cells.
Cellulose linkage between C1 and C4 of beta D
glucose.
All proteins are polymers of alpha amino acid.
Protein : R-CH-COOH
NH2 - Also called as alpha D amino
Only alpha amino acids are obtained on hydrolysis of
proteins.
Most naturally occurring amino acids have L-
configuration.
Insulin contains 51 amino acids.
, Fibrous proteins contain hydrogen and disulphide
bonds.
Examples: keratin present in wool, hair and silk and
myosin present in muscles.
Globular: example – insulin and albumins.
Sequence of amino acids are said to be the primary
structure of proteins.
Secondary structure of proteins refers to the
structure of polypeptide chain.
There are two types of structure under secondary
structure of proteins: alpha helix and beta structure.
Alpha helix is in the form of coil and beta is in the
zigzag shape or thin sheets.
They both form hydrogen bonding (forces) which
stabilizes the secondary structure of protein
The main forces which stabilizes the secondary and
tertiary are hydrogen bonds, disulphide linkages, van
der waal forces, electrostatic force.
If we add base in the reaction with fructose it gives
the product as glucose.
The coagulation of egg white on boiling is a common
example of denaturation of protein. Curdling of milk
which is caused due to the formation of lactic acid by
the bacteria in milk.
Nucleic acid are long chain polymer of nucleotides.
