NGS 316/ NSG316 Exam 2 Version 2 (2026–2027 Updated) | Health Assessment Complete Review | Questions And Answer | Verified A Solutions-GCU

…..DLDD NGS 316/ NSG316 Exam 2 Version 2 (2026–2027 Updated) | Health Assessment Complete Review | Questions And Answer | Verified A Solutions-GCU Q. If a patient answers yes to any screening question you need to do what assessment? ANSWERS Complete neurological assessment Q. What is the sequence of a complete neuro assessment? ANSWERS - start with mental status - cranial nerves - motor and sensory, then reflexes Q. If you have a patient that is unconscious, and he wakes up 3-4 days after and you try to assess mental status. The patient states he is at the beach. His level of consciousness is? ANSWERS decreased Q. What is the test used to assess level of consciousness? ANSWERS GCS - Glasgow Coma Scale Q. What score on the GCS is normal? ANSWERS Score of 15 is normal and means that patient is alert and oriented times 4 Q. What does a positive romberg test mean? what does a negative romberg test mean? ANSWERS positive: swaying signals cerebellar ataxia (MS), lowered proprioception and lowered vestibular function (cerebellum and proprioception not intact, ability of vestibular apparatus in inner ear not able to maintain standing balance) negative: normal (ability of the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear to maintain standing balance, cerebellum and proprioception intact) Q. If there is damage to trigeminal nerve, what affect will it cause to the face? ANSWERS decreases sensation to the face Q. Which cranial nerve stimulates the eyes? ANSWERS CN 3, 4, 6 Q. How are you going to do visual accommodation? ANSWERS by asking the patient to focus on a distant object (this process dilates the pupils) then have the person shift the gaze to a near object such as your finger held about 7 to 8 cm (3 inches) from the persons nose - a normal response includes (1) pupillary constriction (2) convergence of the axes of the eyes Q. What does PERRLA stand for? ANSWERS Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light, and Accommodation Q. How are you going to test cranial nerve number 12? ANSWERS - stick the tongue out - no tremors or deviation if intact Q. What does the term Presbyopia mean? ANSWERS - difficulty seeing with old age - they lose their lens elasticity as they age Q. What does anisocoria mean? ANSWERS unequal pupils Q. If you use the Snellen chart and see something like 20/30. what do the numbers mean? ANSWERS The first number is what the patient can read from or visualize from - second number is where a normal person can see it from Q. How are you going to inspect the nasal cavity? ANSWERS lift tip of the nose with finger while head is tilted Q. What is rhinitis? ANSWERS allergy reaction Q. What is tinnitus? ANSWERS ringing of the ears (bleeding in the ear?) Q. How do you document reflex? ANSWERS 0 no response 1+ diminished 2+ normal 3+ brisker than average 4+ very brisk, hyperactive (with clonus), indicative of disease Q. What can cause hearing loss? ANSWERS - impacted cerumen or wax - purpose of cerumen lubricates and protects the ears Q. What is vertigo? ANSWERS - spinning sensation - feel like you are going to fall over - true rotational spinning often from labyrinthine-vestibular disorder in inner ear - with objective vertigo the person feels like the room is spinning - with subjective vertigo the person feels like he or she is spinning - disequilibrium is part of dizziness which is a shakiness or instability when walking related to musculoskeletal disorder or multi-sensory deficits Q. How are you going to assess the thyroid gland? ANSWERS tell your patient to swallow then palpate lightly Q. If the parotid glands are swollen and are at the side of your face. what do you think will happen to the shape of your face? ANSWERS It will cause asymmetry Q. Which cranial nerve is responsible for the shape and symmetry of your face? ANSWERS CN 7 Q. What is the best method to use when assessing the lymph nodes? ANSWERS - you have to use finger pads (finger tips) in a circular motion - node should feel movable, discrete, soft, nontender - use both hands and compare both sides Q. If the patient has nose bleeds, how are you going to educate your patient so they can stop the nose bleed? ANSWERS Pinch nose and tilt head forward How are you going to inspect the nasal cavity? View each nasal cavity with the person's head erect and then with the head tilted back. Inspect the nasal mucosa, noting its normal red color and smooth, moist surface. Note any swelling, discharge, bleeding, or foreign body What type of hearing loss does the elderly or aging adult lose? high pitched or high tones How would you know that a person has problems with their hearing? they are reading lips rather than listening to what you say Which test would you do to see if you suspect someone has hearing problems? whisper voice test (stand behind them) - problem with hearing if they cant repeat back what you said when you were standing behind them If someone has a history of seizures what is an important question to ask? Do you have any warning signs (aura)? What do you do if a patient is unable to read the snellen chart? shorten distance and document from what feet they can read from Hyperflexia without clonus is the exaggerated reflex seen when the monosynaptic reflex arc is released from the usually inhibiting influence of higher cortical levels. This occurs with upper motor neuron lesions (e.g., stroke). It is significant when accompanied by other signs of UMN disease (weakness, spasticity, Babinski sign) What are some signs and symptoms of allergy relitis and sesonal relitis? itching, running nose, sneezing, watery eyes CN 7 how it affects the face, any trauma or disease, what is dysfunction? What are intentional tremors? someone is trying to feed themselves and are unable to What is dermaton, which part of spine is affected? Give an example example: touching the great toe If anyone complains of any extremity weakness what do you have to do? do a complete neurological exam What is the motor and sensory function of cranial nerve 5? Motor: muscles of mastication - palpating temporal and masseter muscles as person clenches teeth (muscles should be equally strong on both sides; try to separate jaws by pushing down on chin; normally you cannot) Sensory: with persons eyelids closed, test light touch sensation by touching a cotton wisp to designated areas on person's face: forehead, cheeks, and chin - test all three divisions of CN V: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular thy What is tonsilitis and how do you document it? inflamed and enlarged tonsils What is the technique for papillary light reflex? shine light from one side to next, look at reaction of pupils What test do you do for CN 12? inspect tongue, no wasting or tremors should be present - note forward thrust in midline as person protrudes tongue - ask person to say "light tight dynamite" and note that lingual speech (sounds of letters l, t, d, n) is clear and distinct What is clonus? a set of rapid, rhythmic contractions of the same muscle Thyroid assessment? head centered/midline, accessory neck muscles symmetrical - head erect and still - range of motion - lymph nodes - trachea - thyroid gland (posterior approach, anterior approach, auscultate thyroid for bruit, if enlarged) What is pupillary light reflex and what happens to the pupil? darken the room and ask the person to gaze into the distance. (This dilates the pupils.) Advance a light in from the side* and note the response. Normally you will see (1) constriction of the same-sided pupil (a direct light reflex), and (2) simultaneous constriction of the other pupil (a consensual light reflex) - Dilated pupils. Dilated and fixed pupils. Constricted pupils. Unequal or no response to light, Pupil Abnormalities What is bicep reflex? C5 to C6 place thumb on biceps tendon and hit thumb - normal = contraction of bicep muscle and flexion of forearm What does DTRs indicate? Spinal cord is intact CN I name? S/M/B? Olfactory Sensory identify smells CN II name? S/M/B? Optic Sensory visual acuity CN III? S/M/B? Oculomotor Motor move eye up and down CN IV? S/M/B? Trochlear Motor follow finger towards nose CN V name? S/M/B? Trigeminal Both use cotton ball and touch eyebrow, cheek, and chin CN VI name? S/M/B? Abducens Motor look outward CN VII name? S/M/B? Facial Both sweet, salty, and bitter taste movement of forehead and mouth CN VIII name? S/M/B? Vestibulocochlear (acoustic) Sensory hearing and balance CN IX name? S/M/B? Glossopharyngeal Both swallowing CN X name? S/M/B? Vagus Both gag reflex CN XI name? S/M/B? Accessory Motor shrug shoulders CN XII name? S/M/B? Hypoglossal Motor tongue movement Nystagmus (eye assessment): CN involved and abnormal finding? CN III, IV, VI back and forth oscillation of eye Corneal reflex (eye assessment): CN involved and abnormal finding? CN V no blinking Balance test (cerebellar function test): describe abnormal findings? stiff, immobile posture, lack or arm swinging Romberg test (cerebellar function test): describe abnormal findings? loss of balance when closing eyes Rapid alternating movements (RAM) -test for coordination and skilled movements What is the heel to shin test? test lack of coordination, occurs with cerebellar disease What is the finger nose finger test? lack of coordination What is tactile discrimination? fine touch - stereognosis - graphsthpsia - two point discrimination - extinction - point location What is stereognosis? when they are able to feel for something without looking at the object What is graphesthesia? ability to "read" a number by having it traced on the skin What is two-point discrimination? the ability to discern that two nearby objects touching the skin are truly two distinct points, not one What is extinction? touch both side of body and ask how many sensations were felt What is point location? Touch an area of the body and ask the person to point to where you have touched. If they are unable to, this can indicate a sensory cortex lesion. Deep tendon reflexes: nerve track being tested and where on the body? myotatic patellar Superficial: nerve track being tested and where on the body? cutaneous plantar reflex Visceral: nerve track being tested and where on the body? organic pupillary response to light Pathologic (abnormal): nerve track being tested and where on the body? clonus: repeated reflex muscular movements dyskinesia: impairment of voluntary movement What is the triceps reflex? C7 and C8 strike triceps tendon just above the elbow - normal = extension of forearm What is quadriceps reflex? L2 to L4 "knee jerk" strike tendon just below patella - normal = foot plantar flexes What is the brachioradialis reflex? C5 to C6 strike forearm 2 cm above radial styloid process - normal = flexion and supination of forearm What is achilles reflex? L5 to S2 "ankle jerk" strike achilles tendon directly - normal = foot plantar flexes What is an abdominal reflex? strike around umbilicus What is the cremasteric reflex? inner high is stroked What is plantar reflex? L4 to S2 upside down J drawn on foot - normal = flexion of toes and inversion and flexion of forefoot What is dizziness and what is the procedure? - used to describe a range of emotions - includes: presyncope, a light headed, swimming sensation or feeling of fainting or falling caused by decreased blood flow to brain or heart irregularity causing decreased cardiac output - procedure: ask the patient to describe it for me. try not to prompt the person to suggesting descriptions such as spinning. note words such as "i feel like i am going to faint" What is a headache? leading cause of acute pain and lost productivity, as well as a leading reason for seeking care in outpatient offices, urgent care centers, and emergency departments What is a tension headache? - Headache of musculoskeletal origin; may be mild to moderate, less disabling form of migraine - usually both sides, across frontal, temporal, and/or occipital region of head: forehead, sides, and back of head - bandlike tightness, viselike, nonthrobbing, nonpulsatile - fatigue, anxiety, stress, sensation of band tightening around head, of being gripped like a vise, sometimes photophobia or phono-phobia What is a migraine? - headache is generally transmitted vascular and trigeminal nerve origin, headache plus prodrome, aura, other symptoms - 2-3 times as common in women as in men - commonly one sided but may occur on both sides, pain is often behind eyes, the temples, or forehead - throbbing, pulsating - aura (visual changes such as blind spots or flashes of light, tingling in an arm or leg, vertigo) - prodrome (changes in mood, behavior, hunger, cravings, yawning) - nausea vomiting, photophobia, phono-phobia, abdominal pain, person looks sick, family Hx of migraine What is a cluster headache? - rare headache that is intermittent, excruciating, unilateral, with autonomic signs - always one sided. often behind or around eye, temple, forehead, cheek - ipsilateral autonomic signs: nasal congestion or runny nose, watery or reddened eye, eyelid dropping, meiosis, feelings of agitation Procedure of inspecting the head and face? head: not the size and shape. is it normocephalic? fingers in the persons hair and palpate the scalp face: noting the facial expression and its appropriateness to behavior or reported mood. anxiety is common in the hospitalized or ill person Expected findings of inspecting the head and face? head: the skull normally feels symmetric and smooth. cranial bones that have normal protrusions are the forehead, the side of each parietal bone, the occipital bone, and the mastoid process behind each ear. there is no tenderness to palpitation. palpate the temporal artery above the zygomatic (cheek) bone between the eye and top of the ear face: features always should be symmetric. expect symmetry of eyebrow, palpebral fissures, nasolabial folds, and sides of the mouth What are abnormal findings of the head and face? head: microcephaly- abnormally small head, macrocephaly- abnormally large head, note lumps, depressions, or abnormal protrusions face: hostility of aggression, tense/rigid muscles may indicate anxiety or pain, a flat affect may indicate depression, marked asymmetry with central brain lesions (ex. stroke) or peripheral cranial nerve VII damage (bells palsy) Direct response pupillary test constriction of the same sided pupil (a direct light reflex) Consensual response pupillary test simultaneous constriction of the other pupil (a consensual light reflex) What is the corneal light reflex? asses the parallel alignment of the eye axes by shinning a light toward the persons eyes. direct the person to stare straight ahead as you hold the light about 30 cm (12 inches) away. note the reflection of the light on the two corneas (it should be in exactly the same spot on each eye) Procedure to inspect the nose? inspect for any deformity, asymmetry, inflammation, or skin lesions. test the potency of the nostrils by pushing each nasal wing shut with your finger while asking the person to sniff inward through the other naris. observe the nasal septum for deviation. test the nasal cavity by attach the short, wide tipped speculum to the otoscope head, and insert this combined apparatus into the nasal vestibule, avoiding pressure on the nasal septum. gently lift up the tip of the nose with your finger before inspecting Expected findings of inspecting the nose? nose is symmetric with the midline, nasal cavity is normally red and smooth with a moist surface Abnormal findings of inspecting the nose? drainage What does each type of abnormal nose drainage indicate? clear: healthy, allergic sinusitis, nonallergic or pregnancy rhinitis white: common cold, sinusitis green/yellow: common cold or infection red/pink: injury or irritation, nonallergic or pregnancy rhinitis Inspection of the ear (tragus)? move the pinna and push on the tragus they should feel firm, and movement should produce no pain palpating the mastoid process should also produce no pain Inspection of the ear (auricle)? inspect the auricles and surrounding tissue for skin changes, nodules, and deformities grasp the helix superiorly between the thumb and forefinger one at a time and gently pull up and backward to cheek for discomfort anywhere in the external ear palpate the tragus and mastoid process for tenderness Palpating lymph nodes occipital - are palpable at base of skull posterior auricular - palpable behind the ear on the mastoid process preauricular - in front of the ear, palpate the 10 groups of lymph nodes in a routine order tonsillar (jugolodigastri) - under the angle of the mandible submandibular - halfway between the angle and the tip of the mandible submental - under the tip of the chin is easier to explore with one hand (when you palpate with one hand, use your other hand to position the persons head) what is the purpose of a complete health history? to collect subjective data and to get a complete picture of a person's past and present health what is involved in a complete health history of a well person? lifestyle, exercise, diet, substance use, risk reduction, health promotion affirm what they are doing right what is involved in a complete health history of an ill person? information about the health problem what is the health history sequence? 1. Biographic data 2. Source of history 3. Reason for seeking care 4. Present health or history of present illness 5. Past history 6. Family history 7. Review of systems 8. Functional assessment or activities of daily living (ADLs) biographical data Name Address and phone number Age and birth date Birthplace Sex Marital status Race Ethnic origin Occupation: usual and present source of history Record who furnishes the information, judge how reliable the informant seems and how willing, note any special circumstances (how reliable is the person providing the information?) reason for seeking care Brief, spontaneous statement in the person's own words that describes the reason for the visit symptom subjective sensation person feels from disorder o What person says is reason for seeking care is recorded and enclosed in "quotation marks" to indicate person's exact words sign objective abnormality that can be detected on physical examination or in laboratory reports Present Health or History of Present Illness (HPI) Location (where is the pain) Character or quality (burning, sharp, dull) Quantity or severity (using pain scale) Timing (when did the symptoms appear) Setting (where/what were you doing when symptoms started) Aggravating or relieving factors (What makes pain better or worse) Associated factors (review symptoms related to that body system) Patient's perception HPI and PQRST mnemonic for pain and symptom P/P: Provocative or palliative Q/Q: Quality or quantity R/R: Region or radiation S: Severity scale: 1 to 10 T: Timing or onset U: Understand patient's perception of problem Past Health History -Childhood illnesses (Which ones, how old?) Accidents or injuries (When, what kinds, lasting effects?) -Serious or chronic illnesses (HTN, DM, CKD, Lungs... how long, how managed?) -Hospitalizations -Operations (When, what, recovery?) -Obstetric history -Immunizations -Last examination date -Allergies (Note both allergen and reaction) -Current medications (Med Rec. Prescription and OTC meds and Herbal) Family Health History a record of any illnesses or medical conditions that have afflicted members of a person's family Functional Assessment screens the safety of independent living, the need for home health services, and quality of life, THIS INCLUDES ADLs for a health history on new immigrants what should be included o Biographical data o Spiritual resource and religion: assess if certain procedures cannot be done o Past health: what immunizations, if any o Health perception o How does person describe health and illness o How does person see problems he or she is now experiencing o Nutrition: taboo foods or food combinations when assessing an older adult what additional questions/ comments be said? are ADLs affected by normal aging process or by the effects of chronic illness/disability? what are they doing to help themselves stay well? affirm things they are going right and note health strengths The Older Adult: Past Health History General health in past 5 years Accidents or injuries, serious or chronic illnesses, hospitalizations, operations Last examination Obstetric status The Older Adult: Medication Profile -Current medications (prescription, OTC, herbal) -consider the individual may be taking a lot of drugs from many different doctors and they may not know they name or what it is used for -drug adherence Polypharmacy use of multiple medications The Older Adult: Family History - Not as useful in predicting which familial diseases person may contract, because most of those will have occurred at an earlier age - describes persons existing social network CAGE test used to assess alcohol consumption -Have you ever thought you should CUT down your drinking? -Have you ever been ANNOYED by criticism of your drinking? -Have you ever felt GUILTY about your drinking? -Do you drink in the morning, an EYE opener? functional assessment of the older adult -Requires knowledge of normal aging changes and effects of chronic diseases, heredity, and lifestyle -Multiple disciplines may participate in assessment what does a comprehensive geriatric assessment incorporate? physical examination, mental status, functional status, social and economic status, pain, and examination of physical environment for safety concerns functional ability the ability of a person to perform activities necessary to live in modern society; may include driving, using the telephone, or performing personal tasks such as bathing and toileting functional status a person's actual performance of activities and tasks associated with current life roles (ability to perform self care) Functional assessment includes what three overarching domains o Activities of daily living (ADLs) o Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) o Mobility what are the Two approaches to functional assessment o Individual's self-report about his or her ability to perform tasks o Observing his or her ability to perform tasks ADLs activities of daily living Þ measure tasks necessary for self-care -Eating -Bathing -Grooming (washing, combing hair, shaving, cleaning teeth, dressing) -Toileting -Walking (Including propelling a wheelchair & Using stairs -Transferring, such as bed to chair Katz Index of ADL Assessment of level of independent functioning and type of assistance required in six areas of ADL. what activities are assessed in Katz index of ADL? bathing dressing toileting transferring from bed to chair continence feeding IADLs instrumental activities of daily living: Goal of measuring functional abilities necessary for independent community living IADLs include... shopping, meal preparation, housekeeping, laundry, managing finances, taking medications, using transportation AADLs Advanced Activities of Daily Living: Activities older adults perform as family member, member of society and community, including occupational and recreational activities Occupational therapists often perform what assessment of AADLs up and go test assessment of cognition includes what domains? o Attention o Memory o Orientation o Language o Visuospatial skills o Higher cognitive functions what three disorders are commonly attributes to altered cognition in older adults? dementia delirium depression dementia slow onset difficulty with word finding, naming objects, memory delirium Acute changes in cognition and attention depression Memory problems informal vs formal support Informal support: o family, close long-time friends, usually provided free of charge o tasks such as shopping, bathing, feeding, and paying bills Formal supports: o social welfare, social service, health care delivery agencies such as home health care what is one of the most important factors in a discharge plan of an older adult from an acute care hospital? presence of a care giver all caregivers should be screened for... caregiver burden Cultural and Subcultural identifications help define an individual and influences beliefs about health, illness, coping mechanisms, wellness behaviors what is KEY in cultural competence? self-awareness and knowledge of ones own culture Culturally sensitive Caregivers possess basic knowledge and understanding Culturally appropriate Caregivers apply knowledge to improve health outcomes Culturally competent implies that the caregivers understand and attend to the total context of the individual's situation, Caregivers apply a universal concept of understanding to all contextual aspects of care cultural care Provision of health care across cultural boundaries in consideration of context health Balance Within one's being: physical, mental, spiritual illness Loss of a person's balance Within one's being: physical, mental, spiritual Title VI of Civil Rights Act of 1964 Services cannot be denied to people of limited English proficiency o Health care facilities may have established interpreters who can assist with therapeutic communication Patients who have limited English proficiency (LEP) are... at risk for poor health care outcomes due to language barrier Four basic concepts of culture learned, shared, adapted, dynamic Race and ethnicity Self-identification and social group Religion and spirituality Organized system of beliefs versus individual's unique experience Acculturation the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture acculturative stress stress resulting from the need to change and adapt a person's ways to the majority culture ethnicity Describes a group united by Common geographic origin, Migratory status, Religion, Race, Language, Shared values, traditions, or symbols, Food preferences religion an organized system of beliefs about the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, as well as the attendance of regular services. It is a shared experience of spirituality and practices. Spirituality a broader term that refers to a connection to something larger than oneself and belief in transcendence what are the diseases causation theories? biomedical naturalistic magicoreligious biomedical -Assumes all events have a cause and effect -Views the body as a machine -Life can be divided into parts -Endorses germ theory Naturalistic -Forces of nature must be kept in balance -Embraces idea of opposing categories or forces -Yin and yang, hot and cold Magicoreligious -Supernatural powers predominate in area of health and illness -Examples include voodoo, witchcraft, and faith healing Families: Culture affects choices parents make for children regarding the following... o Presumed cause of illness o First treatment tried o Acceptability of treatments offered by clinicians Older patients; culture is likely to do the following... o Define their family responsibilities o Affect their view and knowledge of health care systems used by dominant culture Transcultural expression of pain -Expectations, manifestations, and management of pain are all embedded in a cultural context -Pain has been found to be a highly personal experience, depending on cultural learning, the meaning of the situation, and other factors unique to the person -Silent suffering has been identified as the most valued response to pain by health care professionals what are the steps to cultural competence 1. Understand one's own heritage-based values, beliefs, attitudes, and practices 2. Identify meaning of "health" to patient 3. Understand how health care system works 4. Acquire knowledge about social backgrounds of patients 5. Become familiar with languages, interpretive services, and community resources available to nurses and patients what is the first step of a therapeutic relationship the interview what is information is gained in an interview? -subjective data collection -Patient perception of health what is the first and most important part of data collection? the interview What is the interview contract? it concerns the clients needs and expectations from healthcare and what you as the clinician can offer what are the interview contract terms? -Time and place of interview and physical examination -Introduction of and explanation of health care provider's role -Purpose of interview -How long it will take -Expectation of participation for each person -Presence of others (family, etc.) -Confidentiality and to what extent it may be limited -Any costs that the patient must pay what are the elements of the interview process? Nonverbal skills Physical appearance Posture Gestures Facial expression Eye contact Voice Touch Closing the interview internal factors of communication 1. Liking others 2. Empathy 3. Ability to listen external factors of communication 1. ensure privacy 2. refuse interruptions 3. physical environment 4. dress 5. note taking 6. tape and video recording what are the challenges of note-taking? -Breaks eye contact too often -shifts attention away from person, diminishing his or her sense of importance -Interrupts patient's narrative flow -Impedes observation of patient's nonverbal behavior -May be threatening to patient's discussion of sensitive issues what is an open ended question and when do you use it? allows the person to answer freely in any way o To begin interview o To introduce a new section of questions o Whenever the patient introduces a new topic what is a close ended question and when do you use it? elicits a yes or no response o After opening narrative to fill in details person may have left out o When you need many specific facts about past health problems or during review of systems o To move the interview along what types of verbal responses assist the narrative from the clients perspective? facilitation silent attentiveness reflection empathy clarification what types of verbal responses assistantships the narrative from the examiners perspective? confrontation interpretation explanation summary facilitation -Encourages patients to say more -Shows you are interested and will listen further Silent attentiveness -Gives patient time to think and organize what to say without interruption from you -Gives you a chance to observe person unobtrusively and note nonverbal cues reflection -Echoes patient's words -Repeats what person has just said -focuses further attention on a specific phrase -Helps person continue in his or her own way empathy recognizes feelings and puts it into words -names the feeling and allows expression of it -patient feels accepted and can deal with feeling openly clarification summarize person's words and to simplify them -use when persons words are ambiguous or confusing confrontation when you have observed a certain action, feeling or statement and now FOCUS THE PERSONS ATTENTION ON IT AND GIVE HONEST FEEDBACK ABOUT WHAT YOU SEE FOR FEEL -reference shifts from patients perspective to yours interpretation based on you inference or conclusion explanation you inform the patient, you share factual and objective information summary final review of what examiner understands patient has said; condenses facts and presents a survey of how the examiner perceives the health problem or need what are the five types of nonverbal behaviors? vocal cues action cues object cues personal space touch vocal cues pitch & tone quality of voice moaning, crying, and groaning action cues posture, facial expression, and gestures object cues clothing, jewelry, and hairstyles personal space the physical space individuals maintain between themselves and others touch use of personal space and action be respectful of culture What are the ten traps of interviewing? 1. Providing false assurance or reassurance 2. Giving unwanted advice 3. Using authority 4. Using avoidance language 5. Engaging in distancing 6. Using professional jargon 7. Using leading or biased questions 8. Talking too much 9. Interrupting 10. Using "why" questions health literacy a person's capacity to learn about and understand basic health information and services, and to use these resources to promote one's health and wellness what techniques are used to improve health literacy? verbal teaching written materials based on standard education levels teach back or sue of return demonstration