and Answers (Verified Answers)
Updated (Actual Exam) 2026
LATEST VERSION!!
Sinoatrial Node (SA node)
Rate?
Location & Area of intervention?
EKG? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Natural pacemaker of the heart
Rate: 60-100 bpm
,Location: Upper portion posterior portion of the Right Atrium near superior
vena cava
EKG: represented as the P wave
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
Rate?
Location? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A specialized mass of conducting cells located
at the atrioventricular junction in the heart. (back-up pacer of the heart
Rate 40-60 bpm
Location: Near the tricuspid valve
Bundle of HIS
Rate?
Location? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔pathway for electrical signals to be transmitted
to the ventricles
Rate: 40-45 bpm
Location: partially in right atrium and upper portion of interventricular
septum that connects the AV node and 2 bundle branches
,Purkinjie Fibers
Rate? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔hair-like fibers that spread out from bundle
branches into the ventricles; innervate myocardial cells directly; initiate
ventricular depolarization
Rate: 20-40 bpm
Normal Conduction Pathway through the Heart - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔SA node
Interatrial tracts
AV node
Bundle of His
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
resting membrane potential - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Electrical charge of cardiac
muscle cells at rest
Depolarization - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔change in the electrical charge of a
stimulated cell from negative to positive by the flow of ions; Na+ allows for
depolarization, except in AV node which depends on the slow moving Ca2+
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, Repolarization - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔recharging of a cell to its normal polarity;
K+ allows for repolarization
action potential - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔as cardiac cells reverse polarity, the
electrical impulse generated during that event creates an energy stimulus
that travels across the cell membrane
What ion causes contraction? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Calcium
Phase 4 - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Phase 4: Resting State
Na+ and Ca2+ channels are closed; increase in K+ permeability to allow for
a new cycle
Phase 0 - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Phase 0: Rapid depolarization
Opening of voltage-gated fast Na+ channels; cell fires to initiate
transmission of electrical impulse
Phase 1 - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Phase 1: Depolarization
Peak positive charge; K+ closes, Cl- enters to slow channels, slow Ca2+
channels open
Phase 2 - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Phase 2 Plateau