2026 Exam Questions and
Verified Answers | Already
Graded A+
What is stroke volume - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Amount of blood ejected with each
heart beat
What is cardiac output - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Amount of blood pumped by each
ventricle in 1 minute
,Normal 4-8 L/min
Cardiac index - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔CO divided by body surface area
Normal 2.8-4.2 L/min/m2
What regulates the cardiovascular ssytem - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Autonomic
nervous system, Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors
What are the Gerontological Consideration - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Risk for
cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases with age.
CVD leading cause of death in adults > 85
What are some age related changes - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Increased collagen,
decreased elastin
Decreased response to stress
Heart valves become thick and stiff.
Number of pacemaker cells decrease.
Decreased number and function of β-adrenergic receptors
Blood vessels thicken and less elastic
Increase in SBP and decrease or no change in DBP
, Incompetent venous valves
Orthostatic hypotension
Postprandial hypotension
What are some subjective data for cardiovascular system - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔History of present illness
Past health history
Past and current medications
Surgery or other treatments
What are some objective data for cardiovascular system - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Vital signs
Peripheral vascular system
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation
When taking orthrostatic BP you should never - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔have a
difference of > 20 mm Example ( laying 120/80, sitting 160/100 )
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