,REVISION GUID
STUDY AN or
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ducation
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YEARS
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Cambridge
IGCSE™ and O Level
Geography
Revised edition
Paul Guinness
Garrett Nagle
,Dedication:
To Angela (Garrett Nagle)
To Mary (Paul Guinness)
The Publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material.
Photo credits
p.52 Fig. 2.10 © Mario Hagen - stock.adobe.com; p.55 Fig. 2.17 © Garrett Nagle; p.65 Fig. 3.1 © Rubens Alarcon/Getty Images/Hemera/
Thinkstock; p.122 Fig. 4.13 and Fig. 4.15 © Garrett Nagle.
Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the Publishers will be pleased to make the
necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
This text has not been through the Cambridge endorsement process. All exam-style questions and sample answers in this title were written by the
authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded may be different.
Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in well-managed forests and
other controlled sources. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.
Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SE.
Telephone: +44 (0)1235 827827. Fax: +44 (0)1235 400401. Email . Lines are open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday to
Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. You can also order through our website: www.hoddereducation.com
ISBN: 9781510421394
Garrett Nagle and Paul Guinness 2019
First published in 2016
This edition published in 2019 by
Hodder Education,
An Hachette UK Company
Carmelite House
50 Victoria Embankment
London EC4Y 0DZ
www.hoddereducation.com
Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Year 2020 2019
All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences
(for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, www.cla.co.uk
Cover photo © Shutterstock/Joachim Wendler
Illustrations by Integra Software Services and Barking Dog Art
Typeset in ITC Officina Sans Std 11/13 by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry, India
Printed in India
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
, Contents
Introduction iv
Theme 1 Population and settlement
1.1 Population dynamics 2
1.2 Migration 12
1.3 Population structure 17
1.4 Population density and distribution 20
1.5 Settlements and service provision 23
1.6 Urban settlements 26
1.7 Urbanisation 30
Theme 2 The natural environment
2.1 Earthquakes and volcanoes 34
2.2 Rivers 40
2.3 Coasts 46
2.4 Weather 53
2.5 Climate and natural vegetation 57
Theme 3 Economic development
3.1 Development 64
3.2 Food production 74
3.3 Industry 81
3.4 Tourism 86
3.5 Energy 91
3.6 Water 99
3.7 Environmental risks of economic development 103
Theme 4 Geographical skills and investigations
4.1 Geographical skills 112
4.2 Geographical investigations: coursework
and the alternative to coursework 123
Answers 125
Index 137
Acknowledgements 140 It is illegal to photocopy this page
Hodder & Stoughton Limited © Paul Guinness and Garrett Nagle 2019 iii
STUDY AN or
king for ove
r
W
25
ducation
Ca
m bridge A
YEARS
al E
on
es i
ss
sm WITH at
ent Intern
Cambridge
IGCSE™ and O Level
Geography
Revised edition
Paul Guinness
Garrett Nagle
,Dedication:
To Angela (Garrett Nagle)
To Mary (Paul Guinness)
The Publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material.
Photo credits
p.52 Fig. 2.10 © Mario Hagen - stock.adobe.com; p.55 Fig. 2.17 © Garrett Nagle; p.65 Fig. 3.1 © Rubens Alarcon/Getty Images/Hemera/
Thinkstock; p.122 Fig. 4.13 and Fig. 4.15 © Garrett Nagle.
Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the Publishers will be pleased to make the
necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
This text has not been through the Cambridge endorsement process. All exam-style questions and sample answers in this title were written by the
authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded may be different.
Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in well-managed forests and
other controlled sources. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.
Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SE.
Telephone: +44 (0)1235 827827. Fax: +44 (0)1235 400401. Email . Lines are open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday to
Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. You can also order through our website: www.hoddereducation.com
ISBN: 9781510421394
Garrett Nagle and Paul Guinness 2019
First published in 2016
This edition published in 2019 by
Hodder Education,
An Hachette UK Company
Carmelite House
50 Victoria Embankment
London EC4Y 0DZ
www.hoddereducation.com
Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Year 2020 2019
All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences
(for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, www.cla.co.uk
Cover photo © Shutterstock/Joachim Wendler
Illustrations by Integra Software Services and Barking Dog Art
Typeset in ITC Officina Sans Std 11/13 by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry, India
Printed in India
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
, Contents
Introduction iv
Theme 1 Population and settlement
1.1 Population dynamics 2
1.2 Migration 12
1.3 Population structure 17
1.4 Population density and distribution 20
1.5 Settlements and service provision 23
1.6 Urban settlements 26
1.7 Urbanisation 30
Theme 2 The natural environment
2.1 Earthquakes and volcanoes 34
2.2 Rivers 40
2.3 Coasts 46
2.4 Weather 53
2.5 Climate and natural vegetation 57
Theme 3 Economic development
3.1 Development 64
3.2 Food production 74
3.3 Industry 81
3.4 Tourism 86
3.5 Energy 91
3.6 Water 99
3.7 Environmental risks of economic development 103
Theme 4 Geographical skills and investigations
4.1 Geographical skills 112
4.2 Geographical investigations: coursework
and the alternative to coursework 123
Answers 125
Index 137
Acknowledgements 140 It is illegal to photocopy this page
Hodder & Stoughton Limited © Paul Guinness and Garrett Nagle 2019 iii
