NURS 5334 ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 1
QUESTIONS & SOLUTIONS
Legal right to prescribe drugs
Varies for nonphysician providers
Limitations tied to oversight by MD or DO - ANSWERWhat is prescriptive authority?
- APRNs are educated to practice and prescribe independently without supervision
- National examinations validate ability to provide safe competent care
- Licensure ensures compliance with standards to promote public health and safety -
Limited prescriptive authority creates numerous barriers to quality, affordable, &
accessible patient care - ANSWERArguments for full prescriptive authority
cost, guidelines, availability, interactions, side effects, allergies, liver & renal function,
need for monitoring, special populations - ANSWERDrug selection factors
- Prescriber name, license number, and contact information
- Prescriber DEA number, if applicable
- Patient name and date of birth
- Patient allergies
- Name of medication
- Indication of medication
- Medication strength (e.g., 25 mg, 500 mg/mL)
- Dose of medication and frequency (e.g., 12.5 mg once daily)
- Number of tablets/capsules to dispense
- Number of refills - ANSWERElements needed to complete a prescription
the study of drugs within the body, absorption , distribution, metabolism, excretion -
ANSWERPharmokinetics
1. channels & pores
2. transport systems (p glycoprotein)
3. direct penetration of membrane ( most common -> drugs too large to pass through
pores & channels) - ANSWER3 ways drugs cross cell membrane
the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood
rate of absorption determines how soon effects will begin
amount of absorption determine intensity of effects - ANSWERabsorption
, rate of dissolution, surface area, blood flow, lipid solubility, pH partitioning -
ANSWERfactors affecting absorption
Transmembrane protein that transports a wide variety of drugs out of cells - ANSWERP-
glycoprotein
transports drugs into bile for elimination - ANSWERHow does the liver aid in
pharmacokinetics?
pumps drugs into urine for excretion - ANSWERHow do the kidneys aid in
pharmacokinetics?
transports drugs back into the maternal blood - ANSWERHow does the placenta aid in
pharmacokinetics?
pumps drugs into blood to limit drugs' access to the brain - ANSWERHow does the
brain aid in pharmacokinetics?
molecules move from one side of a barrier to another without expending energy; moving
from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration - ANSWERpassive diffusion
Cell membranes are composed primarily of lipids; therefore, to directly penetrate
membranes, a drug must be lipid soluble (lipophilic) - ANSWER"like dissolves like" rule
Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges
No net charge - ANSWERpolar molecules
molecules that have a net electrical charge - ANSWERions
molecules that contain at least 1 atom of nitrogen and carry a positive charge at all
times - ANSWERquaternary ammonium compounds
Acid is a proton donor - tends to ionize in basic (alkaline) media
Base is a proton acceptor - tends to ionize in acidic media - ANSWERpH dependent
ionization
acidic drugs accumulate on the alkaline side
basic drugs accumulate on the acidic side - ANSWERion trapping (pH partitioning)
Drugs are carried by the blood to tissues and organs of the body
Blood flow determines the rate of delivery - ANSWERblood flow to tissues
decrease - ANSWERabscesses and tumors ___ blood flow.
PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 1
QUESTIONS & SOLUTIONS
Legal right to prescribe drugs
Varies for nonphysician providers
Limitations tied to oversight by MD or DO - ANSWERWhat is prescriptive authority?
- APRNs are educated to practice and prescribe independently without supervision
- National examinations validate ability to provide safe competent care
- Licensure ensures compliance with standards to promote public health and safety -
Limited prescriptive authority creates numerous barriers to quality, affordable, &
accessible patient care - ANSWERArguments for full prescriptive authority
cost, guidelines, availability, interactions, side effects, allergies, liver & renal function,
need for monitoring, special populations - ANSWERDrug selection factors
- Prescriber name, license number, and contact information
- Prescriber DEA number, if applicable
- Patient name and date of birth
- Patient allergies
- Name of medication
- Indication of medication
- Medication strength (e.g., 25 mg, 500 mg/mL)
- Dose of medication and frequency (e.g., 12.5 mg once daily)
- Number of tablets/capsules to dispense
- Number of refills - ANSWERElements needed to complete a prescription
the study of drugs within the body, absorption , distribution, metabolism, excretion -
ANSWERPharmokinetics
1. channels & pores
2. transport systems (p glycoprotein)
3. direct penetration of membrane ( most common -> drugs too large to pass through
pores & channels) - ANSWER3 ways drugs cross cell membrane
the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood
rate of absorption determines how soon effects will begin
amount of absorption determine intensity of effects - ANSWERabsorption
, rate of dissolution, surface area, blood flow, lipid solubility, pH partitioning -
ANSWERfactors affecting absorption
Transmembrane protein that transports a wide variety of drugs out of cells - ANSWERP-
glycoprotein
transports drugs into bile for elimination - ANSWERHow does the liver aid in
pharmacokinetics?
pumps drugs into urine for excretion - ANSWERHow do the kidneys aid in
pharmacokinetics?
transports drugs back into the maternal blood - ANSWERHow does the placenta aid in
pharmacokinetics?
pumps drugs into blood to limit drugs' access to the brain - ANSWERHow does the
brain aid in pharmacokinetics?
molecules move from one side of a barrier to another without expending energy; moving
from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration - ANSWERpassive diffusion
Cell membranes are composed primarily of lipids; therefore, to directly penetrate
membranes, a drug must be lipid soluble (lipophilic) - ANSWER"like dissolves like" rule
Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges
No net charge - ANSWERpolar molecules
molecules that have a net electrical charge - ANSWERions
molecules that contain at least 1 atom of nitrogen and carry a positive charge at all
times - ANSWERquaternary ammonium compounds
Acid is a proton donor - tends to ionize in basic (alkaline) media
Base is a proton acceptor - tends to ionize in acidic media - ANSWERpH dependent
ionization
acidic drugs accumulate on the alkaline side
basic drugs accumulate on the acidic side - ANSWERion trapping (pH partitioning)
Drugs are carried by the blood to tissues and organs of the body
Blood flow determines the rate of delivery - ANSWERblood flow to tissues
decrease - ANSWERabscesses and tumors ___ blood flow.
