MSN 621 CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS
▶ Risk factors for incontinence in men. Answer: Prostatic hypertrophy or
from sequels due to surgery or radiation for prostate cancer
▶ Incontinence examination. Answer: Abdominal, anal, GU, pelvic, and
neurological exam
Urinalysis/culture, urine cytology, BUN/creatinine, glucose, calcium
Stress test, PVR scan
Evaluate current medication
▶ Incontinence Management. Answer: Treatment varies according to
cause
Behavioral and pharmacological therapies are generally first-line therapies
Fluid regulation and weight loss
Voiding diaries
Reduced caffeine intake
Kegel exercises
Surgical therapy as indicated
Urology referral
▶ What are modified risk factors for urinary incontinence in women?.
Answer: Weight loss, smoking cessation, pelvic floor strengthening,
constipation management, and reducing bladder irritants
▶ What are non-modifiable risk factors for urinary incontinence?. Answer:
Age, genetics, and prior pelvic surgery
▶ prostate cancer. Answer: Second leading cancer in males in the United
States; adenocarcinoma is the prevalent type of cancer
▶ Gleason scoring system. Answer: high score=more aggressive=worse
prognosis
, the grading system is based on how bad or good the prognosis is
▶ Prostate cancer symptoms. Answer: - Early: asymptomatic
- Urinary hesitancy, urgency, nocturia, frequency, dribbling, pain, erectile
dysfunction, and hematuria
▶ Prostate cancer metastasis. Answer: Weight loss, constipation, malaise,
hematuria, and rectal pain
▶ Prostate cancer exam. Answer: -DRE (digital rectal exam):
- PSA (0-4 ng/dl is normal)
Imaging:
- TRUS (trans-rectal US) w/ biopsy
▶ Prostate cancer management. Answer: Treatment option based on
staging:
The TNM system describes the following
-extent of the primary tumor
-whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes
-absence or presence of distant metastases
Watchful waiting
Monitoring PSA and DRE
Radiation therapy
Brachytherapy or external beam radiation therapy
Hormonal therapy
Goal of suppression of testosterone
Surgery
▶ benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Answer: Ubiquitous phenomenon
among older men, is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland,
specifically the smooth muscle and epithelial cells within the transition
zone, the area of the prostate that surrounds the urethra
▶ benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms. Answer: Frequency, urgency,
and nocturnal
Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO)
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS
▶ Risk factors for incontinence in men. Answer: Prostatic hypertrophy or
from sequels due to surgery or radiation for prostate cancer
▶ Incontinence examination. Answer: Abdominal, anal, GU, pelvic, and
neurological exam
Urinalysis/culture, urine cytology, BUN/creatinine, glucose, calcium
Stress test, PVR scan
Evaluate current medication
▶ Incontinence Management. Answer: Treatment varies according to
cause
Behavioral and pharmacological therapies are generally first-line therapies
Fluid regulation and weight loss
Voiding diaries
Reduced caffeine intake
Kegel exercises
Surgical therapy as indicated
Urology referral
▶ What are modified risk factors for urinary incontinence in women?.
Answer: Weight loss, smoking cessation, pelvic floor strengthening,
constipation management, and reducing bladder irritants
▶ What are non-modifiable risk factors for urinary incontinence?. Answer:
Age, genetics, and prior pelvic surgery
▶ prostate cancer. Answer: Second leading cancer in males in the United
States; adenocarcinoma is the prevalent type of cancer
▶ Gleason scoring system. Answer: high score=more aggressive=worse
prognosis
, the grading system is based on how bad or good the prognosis is
▶ Prostate cancer symptoms. Answer: - Early: asymptomatic
- Urinary hesitancy, urgency, nocturia, frequency, dribbling, pain, erectile
dysfunction, and hematuria
▶ Prostate cancer metastasis. Answer: Weight loss, constipation, malaise,
hematuria, and rectal pain
▶ Prostate cancer exam. Answer: -DRE (digital rectal exam):
- PSA (0-4 ng/dl is normal)
Imaging:
- TRUS (trans-rectal US) w/ biopsy
▶ Prostate cancer management. Answer: Treatment option based on
staging:
The TNM system describes the following
-extent of the primary tumor
-whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes
-absence or presence of distant metastases
Watchful waiting
Monitoring PSA and DRE
Radiation therapy
Brachytherapy or external beam radiation therapy
Hormonal therapy
Goal of suppression of testosterone
Surgery
▶ benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Answer: Ubiquitous phenomenon
among older men, is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland,
specifically the smooth muscle and epithelial cells within the transition
zone, the area of the prostate that surrounds the urethra
▶ benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms. Answer: Frequency, urgency,
and nocturnal
Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO)
