PSYCHOLOGY 451 TEST 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

PSYCHOLOGY 451 TEST 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Of all the following, which not be found in the definition of a psychological disorder? a) distress b) impaired functions c) medications d) psychological dysfunction - Answers c) medication Which of the following statements is the most accurate regarding the use of "normal" if it deviates from the average? a) normality is a statistical measure; that is, something is only considered "abnormal" if it deviates from the average b) the social standards of "normal" has a singular definition within any given culture d) a given behavior can be abnormal without being pathological - Answers a) normality is a statistical measure; that is, something is only considered ''abnormal" if it deviates from the average Bailey has decided that he wants to get a graduate degree that focuses on the scientific study of psychological disorders. Given the ambition, to which type of program would you encourage him to apply? a) developmental psychology b) educational psychology c) school psychology d) a program in psychopathology - Answers d) a program in psychopathology Of the following types of mental health professionals, which would be the most likely to have earned a medical degree? a) A psychiatrist b) a social worker c) a clinical psychologist d) a counseling psychologist - Answers a) a psychiatrist You are treating a man who has been suffering from a relatively short-term bout of major depressive disorder. His symptoms started after a major life stressor, and you know that in such cases proper therapy is often quite effective in bringing about a full recovery. When he asks you if he's going to be better soon, you might say to him, "the ________ is very good!" a. incidence b. prevalence c. prognosis d. etiology - Answers c) prognosis During the Great Persian Empire from 900 to 600 B.C., all physical and mental disorders were considered to be a. an imbalance of four major humors, or fluids, in the human body. b. reflections of what was either adaptive or maladaptive for human nature. c. the work of the devil. d. unconscious conflicts that were "bubbling" below the surface of one's awareness. - Answers c. the work of the devil Which of the following concepts may potentially underlie the phenomenon of mass hysteria, which occurs when there is a large-scale outbreak of bizarre and disturbed behavior? a. Emotional contagion b. Acedia c. Demonology d. Tarantism - Answers a) emotional contagion Which Roman physician took up the theories of Hippocrates and extended them with a theory that normal brain functioning is related to a proper balance of four bodily fluids of humors? a) galen b) Mesmer c) kraepelin d) areteus - Answers a) Galen In the late 1800's, physicians discovered that patients suffering from a condition called general paresis could be cured by engaging in which o the following actions? a) subjecting them to brutally painful electrical shocks b) placing them in a spinning chair. c) the use of laxatives to induce diarrhea and emetics to induce vomiting d) injecting them with the blood of a person who was suffering from malaria - Answers d) injecting them with the blood of a person who was suffering from malaria It is 1930 and you live in Vienna, Austria. You have recently developed the symptoms of psychosis and you are sent to physician Manfred Sakel. What treatment would he probably recommend? a) electroconvulsive therapy b) insulin shock therapy c) deep brain stimulation d) the use of a combination of antipsychotic medication and a derivative of the opium poppy - Answers b) insulin shock therapy While the moral treatment of those with psychological difficulties has been seen throughout history, it was formalized as a system by __________ at the Parisian hosptical la bicetre. a) marie salpetriere b) Matthias linstrom c) gaston Bethlehem d) phillipe pinel - Answers d) phillipe pinel Which of the following is not true regarding the spread of moral therapy to the united states? a) moral therapy was introduced at a hospital in new Hampshire after its chief physician saw the effect of such methods in London. b) the spread of moral therapy tunred asylums from prison-like states to hapibale and therapeutic environments c) several patients at Worcester state hosptical who had been labeled as incurable showed remarkable improvement when treated with moral therapy d) after it was instituted, moral therapy again declined in the middle of the 19th century. - Answers a) moral therapy was introduced at a hospital in new Hampshire after is chief physician saw the effect of such methods in London Which crusader for the moral and humane treatment of mentally ill individuals campaigned tirelessly in an effort that came to be known as the mental hygiene movement? a. Dorothea Dix b. Margaret Meade c. Jean Tilley d. Margaret Floy Washburn - Answers a) Dorothea Dix Sigmund Freud is often credited with the discovery of the unconscious mind, but many forget that ________ , who worked on various forms of hypnosis, was also a key figure in this very important discovery. a. Carl Jung b. Karen Horney c. Alfred Adler d. Josef Breuer - Answers d) josef breuer When you are walking across campus, you see two people standing in the middle of the quad kissing passionately. Completely oblivious to how inappropriate their behavior is or how uncomfortable they are making others, these two just keep kissing without a care in the world. According to Freud, the couple is at the whim of their ________ . a. egos b. superegos c. thanatos d. ids - Answers d) ids Adam is very stressed about the fact that he has not paid his taxes in several years and he knows that he owes the government several thousand dollars (that he does not have). Every time he thinks about his debt he becomes upset, so he tells himself that he is really refusing to pay taxes to protest the government's foolish spending. Adam is employing the defense mechanism of a. reaction formation. b. rationalization. c. sublimation. d. displacement - Answers b) rationalization In Freud's psychosexual stages of development, little boys are believed to experience ________ anxiety during the phallic stage of development. This was conceptualized as a result of the fear of their father over their inappropriate desire for their mother. a. castration anxiety b. Electrizing c. penis envy d. identification - Answers a) castration anxiety What was the primary emphasis of Heinz Kohut's self-psychology? a. The formation of the self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allow one to progress toward health. b. The importance of the collective unconscious. c. Striving to overcome feelings of inferiority and a drive toward self-actualization. d. The way in which defensive actions of the ego determine our behaviors. - Answers a) the formation of the self concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allow one to progress toward health Whose study of classical conditioning provided quite a bit of the foundation for what later became the behavioral perspective in psychology? a. Max Wertheimer b. B.F. Skinner c. Ivan Pavlov d. Wilhelm Wundt - Answers c) Ivan Pavlov Young Matthew, only 2 years of age, is learning to use the toilet. First his mother gives him smiles and hugs when he walks into the bathroom. Then his father gives him songs and praise when he points to the potty. When he agrees to sit on his potty seat his parents sing and dance, making him smile and laugh. Finally, when he begins to actually use the potty, his parents give him some candy that he loves. Matthew is being taught to use the potty through the process of a. extinction. b. stimulus discrimination. c. shaping. d. stimulus generalization. - Answers c) shaping Which of the following would be an example of a biological influence into the development of a pathological fear of the sight of blood? a. An increase in one's experience of anxiety. b. An increase in heart rate and blood pressure. c. The tendency to escape and avoid situations involving blood. d. The immediate assistance offered by friends and family when one appears distressed. - Answers b) an increase in heart rate and blood pressure A multidimensional ________ approach to studying psychopathology suggests that the simultaneous effect of several different factors - biological, behavioral, emotional, social, and developmental influences - combine to create a psychological disorder. a. genetic b. idiographic c. integrative d. psychometric - Answers c) integrative As their child is born, Connie and Arthur are delighted to be new parents. Within minutes, however, the physician tending to the newborn informs them that their child has ambiguous genitalia, and that some decisions will have to be made in the coming days. Having recently completed your course, Connie realizes that there must have been a problem with the ________ pair of chromosomes that their child inherited. a. 23rd b. 11th c. 18th d. 2nd - Answers a) 23rd A ________ refers to an individual's complete set of genes. For a human being this includes over 20,000. a. karyotype b. genome c. blastocyst d. phenotype - Answers b) genome Qualitative genetics is to ________ as molecular genetics is to ________ . a. human beings; animals b. behavioral; emotional c. combinations; structures. d. change; stability - Answers c) combinations; structures Which of the following terms is the best representation of the word diathesis? a. Vulnerability b. Protection c. Disorder d. Aging - Answers a) vulnerability Research employing the technique of ________ might take a puppy that has a genetic tendency to be very excitable and allow it to be raised and nurtured by a female dog who has a very calm and docile nature. Such research explore whether environmental factors can "override" genetic programming. a. interacting b. epigenetics c. pedigreeing d. cross-fostering - Answers d) cross-fostering Professor Chavez is teaching a large seminar class about the human nervous system, and decides to try an interactive demonstration. He asks one student, Marcia, to stand up and walk to the middle of the room. "Marcia is a neuron, everyone," Professor Chavez says. "How many of you would have to stand up and surround Marcia to reflect the number of glia cells that exist for every single neuron in the human nervous system?" The students will be correct when ________ students get up and stand around Marcia. a. 25 b. 50 c. 100 d. 10 - Answers d) 10 There are many major neurotransmitters that have been implicated in human psychopathology Which of the following is not one that is identified by your authors? a. adrenaline b. gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) c. norepinephrine d. serotonin - Answers a) adrenaline You are playing charades with your friends, and one of them has masterfully acted out the words medulla, pons, and cerebellum. If you want to win the round, what would you want to call out? a. midbrain b. forebrain c. hindbrain d. cerebrum - Answers c) hindbrain If you were to suffer a random injury to your brain, why would it be a safe bet that the structure most likely to be damaged would be the cerebral cortex? a. Because the cerebral cortex is located in the back of the skull, which is where most head traumas take place. b. Because the cerebral cortex exists at the "soft spot" of the head, where there is an opening in the bony surface of the skull. c. Because the cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that exists for the protection of the other major structures. d. Because the cerebral cortex is the single largest part of the human brain. - Answers d) because the cerebral cortex is the single largest part of the human brain How does the endocrine system differ from other systems in the body? a. Each gland can synthesize only one chemical (hormone) while other systems have the ability to produce a variety of chemicals (neurotransmitters). b. It is the only system that operates entirely within the central nervous system, while all others systems operate outside of the CNS. c. Each gland of the system produces its own hormones that are then released directly into the bloodstream. d. The endocrine system is the only system in the body that is not controlled by the brain. It operates independently of the neurological system. - Answers c)v each gland of the system produces its own hormones that are then released directly into the bloodstream Sometimes described as a "chemical brother" of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), which amino acid neurotransmitter acts in an excitatory manner? a. Serotonin b. Dopamine c. Acetylcholine d. Glutamate - Answers d) glutamate