TEST BANK FOR
Immunology and Serology in Laboratory Medicine, 7th Edition by Mary Louise Turgeon
Chapter 1-27 || Complete Guide 2026-2027.
Chapter 01: Highlights of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The ―father‖ of immunology is generally considered to be
a. Koch.
b. Pasteur.
c. Gram.
d. Salk.
ANS: B
Louis Pasteur is generally considered to be the ―father of immunology.‖
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
2. An early form of immunization was practiced by the
a. Romans.
b. Greeks.
c. Chinese.
d. Native Americans.
ANS: C
Beginning about 1000 AD, the Chinese practiced a form of immunization by inhaling dried
powders derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
3. A specific function of the immune system is to
a. recognize self from nonself.
b. defend the body against nonself.
c. amplify specific functions.
d. Both A and B.
ANS: D
The function of the immune system is to recognize self from nonself and defend the body
against nonself. Such a system is necessary for survival. The immune system also has
nonspecific effector mechanisms that usually amplify the specific functions. Nonspecific
components of the immune system include mononuclear phagocytes, polymorphonuclear
leukocytes, and soluble factors (e.g., complement).
, DIF: Cognitive Level: I
6. Hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac during the
a. immediate hours after conception
b. second month of gestation.
c. second trimester of gestation.
d. periods of severe anemia in children.
ANS: A
The sites of blood cell development, or hematopoiesis, follow a definite sequence in the
embryo and fetus. Hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac during the second month of gestation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
7. The sequence of blood cell development in the embryo and fetus is
a. yolk sac, liver-spleen, bone marrow.
b. yolk sac, bone marrow, liver/spleen.
c. liver-spleen, yolk sac, bone marrow.
d. bone marrow, liver-spleen, yolk sac.
ANS: A
The first blood cells are primitive red blood cells (erythroblasts; RBCs) formed in the islets of
the yolk sac during the first 2 to 8 weeks of life. Gradually, the liver and spleen replace the
yolk sac as the sites of blood cell development. By the second month of gestation, the liver
becomes the major site of hematopoiesis, and granular types of leukocytes have made their
initial appearance. The liver and spleen predominate from about 2 to 5 months of fetal life. In
the fourth month of gestation, bone marrow begins to produce blood cells. After the fifth fetal
month, bone marrow begins to assume its ultimate role as the primary site of hematopoiesis.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
8. The primary function of mature neutrophils is
a. to reduce inflammation.
b. to lyse parasites in the circulatory system.
c. antigen recognition.
d. phagocytosis.
ANS: D
Various phagocytic cells continually circulate throughout the blood, lymph, gastrointestinal
system, and respiratory tract. When trauma occurs, the neutrophils arrive at the site of injury
and can be found in the initial exudate in less than 1 hour. Monocytes are slower in moving to
the inflammatory site. Macrophages resident in the tissues of the body are already in place to
deal with an intruding agent. Additional macrophages from the bone marrow and other tissues
can be released in severe infections.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
9. Primary granules, or azurophilic granules, in neutrophils contain
a. lysozyme.
, b. myeloperoxidase.
c. lactoferrin.
d. Both A and B.
ANS: D
Granules in the phagocyte cytosol contain degradatory enzymes of three types
1. Primary, or azurophilic, granules containing enzymes (e.g., lysozyme,
myeloperoxidase)
2. Secondary, or specific, granules containing substances such as lactoferrin.
3. Tertiary granules containing substances such as caspases
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
10. The origin of a condition when eosinophils are increased in the circulating blood is associated
with:
a. fungus
b. parasitic amoeba
c. allergic reactions
d. bacteria
ANS: C
An increase in eosinophils is associated with a wide variety of conditions, but especially with
allergic reactions, drug reactions, certain skin disorders, parasitic infestations, collagen
vascular diseases, Hodgkin disease, and myeloproliferative diseases.
A functional property related to the membrane receptors of the eosinophil is the cell’s ability
to interact with the larval stages of some helminth parasites and damage them by oxidative
mechanisms. Certain proteins released from eosinophilic granules damage antibody-coated
Schistosoma parasites and may account for damage to endothelial cells in hypereosinophilic
syndromes.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
11. A basophil degranulates in a(n)
a. inflammatory reaction.
b. immediate (acute) hypersensitivity reaction.
c. chronic tissue rejection.
d. Both A and B.
ANS: B
Basophils have high concentrations of heparin and histamine in their granules. If events are
triggered by antigens from pollen, food, drugs, or insect venom, the result is an immediate
hypersensitivity reaction.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
12. Mononuclear cells are effective phagocytic cells against
a. staphylococci.
b. streptococci.
, c. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
d. pneumonia.
ANS: C
Mononuclear cells are particularly effective as phagocytic cells because of the large amounts
of lipase in their cytoplasm. Lipase is able to attack bacteria with a lipid capsule, such as
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
13. Macrophages
a. process antigens.
b. physically present biologically modified antigens to lymphocytes.
c. secrete a lymphocyte-activating factor (IL-1) as a result of proper MHC recognition.
d. All of the above.
ANS: D
The phagocytic property of the macrophage is particularly important in the processing of
antigens as part of the immune response. Macrophages are believed to process antigens and
physically present this biochemically modified and more reactive form of antigen to
lymphocytes (particularly T helper cells) as an initial step in the immune response.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
14. Cell-mediated immunity is moderated by
a. B lymphocytes.
b. T lymphocytes.
c. monocytes-macrophages.
d. Both B and C.
ANS: D
Cell-mediated immunity is moderated by the link between T lymphocytes and phagocytic cells
(i.e., monocytes-macrophages).
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
15. B lymphocytes respond to
a. antigens presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell.
b. antigens on microorganisms or other living cells.
c. native antigenic determinants of appropriate fit.
d. antigens floating in body fluids.
ANS: C
The B type of lymphocyte can probably respond to a native antigenic determinant of the
appropriate ―fit.‖
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
16. T lymphocytes respond to
a. antigens presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell.
b. antigens on microorganisms or other living cells.
Immunology and Serology in Laboratory Medicine, 7th Edition by Mary Louise Turgeon
Chapter 1-27 || Complete Guide 2026-2027.
Chapter 01: Highlights of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The ―father‖ of immunology is generally considered to be
a. Koch.
b. Pasteur.
c. Gram.
d. Salk.
ANS: B
Louis Pasteur is generally considered to be the ―father of immunology.‖
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
2. An early form of immunization was practiced by the
a. Romans.
b. Greeks.
c. Chinese.
d. Native Americans.
ANS: C
Beginning about 1000 AD, the Chinese practiced a form of immunization by inhaling dried
powders derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
3. A specific function of the immune system is to
a. recognize self from nonself.
b. defend the body against nonself.
c. amplify specific functions.
d. Both A and B.
ANS: D
The function of the immune system is to recognize self from nonself and defend the body
against nonself. Such a system is necessary for survival. The immune system also has
nonspecific effector mechanisms that usually amplify the specific functions. Nonspecific
components of the immune system include mononuclear phagocytes, polymorphonuclear
leukocytes, and soluble factors (e.g., complement).
, DIF: Cognitive Level: I
6. Hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac during the
a. immediate hours after conception
b. second month of gestation.
c. second trimester of gestation.
d. periods of severe anemia in children.
ANS: A
The sites of blood cell development, or hematopoiesis, follow a definite sequence in the
embryo and fetus. Hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac during the second month of gestation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
7. The sequence of blood cell development in the embryo and fetus is
a. yolk sac, liver-spleen, bone marrow.
b. yolk sac, bone marrow, liver/spleen.
c. liver-spleen, yolk sac, bone marrow.
d. bone marrow, liver-spleen, yolk sac.
ANS: A
The first blood cells are primitive red blood cells (erythroblasts; RBCs) formed in the islets of
the yolk sac during the first 2 to 8 weeks of life. Gradually, the liver and spleen replace the
yolk sac as the sites of blood cell development. By the second month of gestation, the liver
becomes the major site of hematopoiesis, and granular types of leukocytes have made their
initial appearance. The liver and spleen predominate from about 2 to 5 months of fetal life. In
the fourth month of gestation, bone marrow begins to produce blood cells. After the fifth fetal
month, bone marrow begins to assume its ultimate role as the primary site of hematopoiesis.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
8. The primary function of mature neutrophils is
a. to reduce inflammation.
b. to lyse parasites in the circulatory system.
c. antigen recognition.
d. phagocytosis.
ANS: D
Various phagocytic cells continually circulate throughout the blood, lymph, gastrointestinal
system, and respiratory tract. When trauma occurs, the neutrophils arrive at the site of injury
and can be found in the initial exudate in less than 1 hour. Monocytes are slower in moving to
the inflammatory site. Macrophages resident in the tissues of the body are already in place to
deal with an intruding agent. Additional macrophages from the bone marrow and other tissues
can be released in severe infections.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
9. Primary granules, or azurophilic granules, in neutrophils contain
a. lysozyme.
, b. myeloperoxidase.
c. lactoferrin.
d. Both A and B.
ANS: D
Granules in the phagocyte cytosol contain degradatory enzymes of three types
1. Primary, or azurophilic, granules containing enzymes (e.g., lysozyme,
myeloperoxidase)
2. Secondary, or specific, granules containing substances such as lactoferrin.
3. Tertiary granules containing substances such as caspases
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
10. The origin of a condition when eosinophils are increased in the circulating blood is associated
with:
a. fungus
b. parasitic amoeba
c. allergic reactions
d. bacteria
ANS: C
An increase in eosinophils is associated with a wide variety of conditions, but especially with
allergic reactions, drug reactions, certain skin disorders, parasitic infestations, collagen
vascular diseases, Hodgkin disease, and myeloproliferative diseases.
A functional property related to the membrane receptors of the eosinophil is the cell’s ability
to interact with the larval stages of some helminth parasites and damage them by oxidative
mechanisms. Certain proteins released from eosinophilic granules damage antibody-coated
Schistosoma parasites and may account for damage to endothelial cells in hypereosinophilic
syndromes.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
11. A basophil degranulates in a(n)
a. inflammatory reaction.
b. immediate (acute) hypersensitivity reaction.
c. chronic tissue rejection.
d. Both A and B.
ANS: B
Basophils have high concentrations of heparin and histamine in their granules. If events are
triggered by antigens from pollen, food, drugs, or insect venom, the result is an immediate
hypersensitivity reaction.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
12. Mononuclear cells are effective phagocytic cells against
a. staphylococci.
b. streptococci.
, c. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
d. pneumonia.
ANS: C
Mononuclear cells are particularly effective as phagocytic cells because of the large amounts
of lipase in their cytoplasm. Lipase is able to attack bacteria with a lipid capsule, such as
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
13. Macrophages
a. process antigens.
b. physically present biologically modified antigens to lymphocytes.
c. secrete a lymphocyte-activating factor (IL-1) as a result of proper MHC recognition.
d. All of the above.
ANS: D
The phagocytic property of the macrophage is particularly important in the processing of
antigens as part of the immune response. Macrophages are believed to process antigens and
physically present this biochemically modified and more reactive form of antigen to
lymphocytes (particularly T helper cells) as an initial step in the immune response.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
14. Cell-mediated immunity is moderated by
a. B lymphocytes.
b. T lymphocytes.
c. monocytes-macrophages.
d. Both B and C.
ANS: D
Cell-mediated immunity is moderated by the link between T lymphocytes and phagocytic cells
(i.e., monocytes-macrophages).
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
15. B lymphocytes respond to
a. antigens presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell.
b. antigens on microorganisms or other living cells.
c. native antigenic determinants of appropriate fit.
d. antigens floating in body fluids.
ANS: C
The B type of lymphocyte can probably respond to a native antigenic determinant of the
appropriate ―fit.‖
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
16. T lymphocytes respond to
a. antigens presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell.
b. antigens on microorganisms or other living cells.
