NU 518 Final Exam Study Guide (Advanced Nursing Theory) 2026/2027
USA
1. Which of the following describes the four major concepts of the nursing
metaparadigm?
A. Nurses, Patients, Hospitals, and Health
B. Caring, Science, Knowledge, and Practice
C. Person, Environment, Health, and Nursing
D. Individual, Family, Community, and Society
Answer: C
Rationale: The nursing metaparadigm consists of the four central concepts: person (the
recipient of care), environment (internal and external surroundings), health (the degree of
wellness), and nursing (the attributes and actions of the nurse).
2. Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory primarily focuses on which
aspect of patient care?
A. Promoting self-care activities to improve patient autonomy
B. Using interpersonal relationships to reduce patient anxiety
C. Altering the patient’s surroundings to facilitate natural healing processes
D. Teaching patients how to adapt to chronic illness
Answer: C
Rationale: Nightingale’s theory emphasized the manipulation of the environment
(ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness, and noise) to allow nature to act upon the
patient.
,3. In Hildegard Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations, which phase involves
the patient seeking professional assistance for a problem?
A. Exploitation Phase
B. Identification Phase
C. Orientation Phase
D. Resolution Phase
Answer: C
Rationale: The Orientation Phase is the first phase where the patient seeks help and the
nurse helps the patient recognize and understand the problem.
4. Which theorist defined nursing as ‘assisting the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery’?
A. Jean Watson
B. Virginia Henderson
C. Martha Rogers
D. Dorothea Orem
Answer: B
Rationale: Virginia Henderson’s definition of nursing centers on helping individuals gain
independence by meeting 14 basic needs.
5. Martha Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings describes humans as:
A. Systems that maintain balance through feedback loops
B. Beings striving for self-actualization through caring
C. Biological organisms with psychosocial needs
D. Irreducible, four-dimensional energy fields integral with the environment
Answer: D
Rationale: Rogers’ theory views humans and environments as energy fields that are
continuous with each other and are characterized by pattern and organization.
, 6. According to Dorothea Orem, when is nursing care required?
A. When the patient is unable to communicate needs
B. When medical orders require specialized clinical skills
C. Whenever a patient enters a healthcare facility
D. When the patient’s self-care agency is less than the therapeutic self-care demand
Answer: D
Rationale: Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory states that nursing is needed when a person’s
ability to perform self-care (agency) is insufficient to meet their needs (demand).
7. Imogene King’s Theory of Goal Attainment posits that the nurse and patient:
A. Must maintain a professional distance to ensure objectivity
B. Interact to set goals and agree on the means to achieve them
C. Focus primarily on the biological stability of the patient
D. Work independently toward separate clinical outcomes
Answer: B
Rationale: King’s theory focuses on the interpersonal process where the nurse and patient
communicate, set goals, and take action to achieve those goals.
8. In the Betty Neuman Systems Model, the ‘flexible line of defense’ represents:
A. The patient’s usual state of wellness
B. Internal factors that protect against specific diseases
C. A protective buffer that prevents stressors from penetrating the system
D. The core energy resources of the individual
Answer: C
Rationale: The flexible line of defense is the outermost boundary of the Neuman Systems
Model and acts as a dynamic buffer against stressors.
USA
1. Which of the following describes the four major concepts of the nursing
metaparadigm?
A. Nurses, Patients, Hospitals, and Health
B. Caring, Science, Knowledge, and Practice
C. Person, Environment, Health, and Nursing
D. Individual, Family, Community, and Society
Answer: C
Rationale: The nursing metaparadigm consists of the four central concepts: person (the
recipient of care), environment (internal and external surroundings), health (the degree of
wellness), and nursing (the attributes and actions of the nurse).
2. Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory primarily focuses on which
aspect of patient care?
A. Promoting self-care activities to improve patient autonomy
B. Using interpersonal relationships to reduce patient anxiety
C. Altering the patient’s surroundings to facilitate natural healing processes
D. Teaching patients how to adapt to chronic illness
Answer: C
Rationale: Nightingale’s theory emphasized the manipulation of the environment
(ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness, and noise) to allow nature to act upon the
patient.
,3. In Hildegard Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations, which phase involves
the patient seeking professional assistance for a problem?
A. Exploitation Phase
B. Identification Phase
C. Orientation Phase
D. Resolution Phase
Answer: C
Rationale: The Orientation Phase is the first phase where the patient seeks help and the
nurse helps the patient recognize and understand the problem.
4. Which theorist defined nursing as ‘assisting the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery’?
A. Jean Watson
B. Virginia Henderson
C. Martha Rogers
D. Dorothea Orem
Answer: B
Rationale: Virginia Henderson’s definition of nursing centers on helping individuals gain
independence by meeting 14 basic needs.
5. Martha Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings describes humans as:
A. Systems that maintain balance through feedback loops
B. Beings striving for self-actualization through caring
C. Biological organisms with psychosocial needs
D. Irreducible, four-dimensional energy fields integral with the environment
Answer: D
Rationale: Rogers’ theory views humans and environments as energy fields that are
continuous with each other and are characterized by pattern and organization.
, 6. According to Dorothea Orem, when is nursing care required?
A. When the patient is unable to communicate needs
B. When medical orders require specialized clinical skills
C. Whenever a patient enters a healthcare facility
D. When the patient’s self-care agency is less than the therapeutic self-care demand
Answer: D
Rationale: Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory states that nursing is needed when a person’s
ability to perform self-care (agency) is insufficient to meet their needs (demand).
7. Imogene King’s Theory of Goal Attainment posits that the nurse and patient:
A. Must maintain a professional distance to ensure objectivity
B. Interact to set goals and agree on the means to achieve them
C. Focus primarily on the biological stability of the patient
D. Work independently toward separate clinical outcomes
Answer: B
Rationale: King’s theory focuses on the interpersonal process where the nurse and patient
communicate, set goals, and take action to achieve those goals.
8. In the Betty Neuman Systems Model, the ‘flexible line of defense’ represents:
A. The patient’s usual state of wellness
B. Internal factors that protect against specific diseases
C. A protective buffer that prevents stressors from penetrating the system
D. The core energy resources of the individual
Answer: C
Rationale: The flexible line of defense is the outermost boundary of the Neuman Systems
Model and acts as a dynamic buffer against stressors.
