NR 565 FINAL EXAM 2026 | ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY | ALL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS | LATEST EDITION |
ALREADY GRADED A+
Negative feedback system in hypothyroidism - Correct answer Production of T3 and T3 by the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
TRH - Correct answer from the hypothalamus controls the release of TSH
TSH (negative feedback loop) - Correct answer acts as the gauge for the hypothalamus to know
if it needs more or less TRH and subsequently more or less TSH
Acute symptoms of diabetes plus casual plasma glucose concentration greater than or equal to
200 mg/dL.
Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/d (8hrs) - Correct answer Diabetes
Mellitis
2 hour post-load plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test greater than or equal to 200
mg/dL. The test uses a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose
dissolved in water. - Correct answer Diabetes Mellitis (glucose tolerance test)
HgB A1c > or equal to 6.5 - Correct answer Diabetes Mellitis Labs
Pre-Diabetes Glucose tolerance test - Correct answer Plasma glucose 140 to 199 mg/dL (IGT) 2
hours post-ingestion of standard glucose load (75 g) or
HgB A1c 5.7-6.4 - Correct answer Prediabetes
Diabetes Treatment Step 1 - Correct answer Lifestyle Changes
Metformin
Diabetes Treatment Step 2 - Correct answer Step 1 (lifestyle and metformin)
Second Drug
Diabetes Treatment Step 3 - Correct answer Step 1+2
Third Drug
, Diabetes Treatment step 4 - Correct answer Consider GLP-1 Agonist if Step 3 includes basal
insulin
Insulin Human - Correct answer Pancreas Basal Cells in langeran's
Insulin accelerant - Correct answer Corticosteroids
Compound Effect Insulin Medication - Correct answer Sulfonyureas (ides)
Rapid ACTING INsulin - Correct answer Lispro (Humalog)
Aspart (Novolog)
Glulisine (Apidra)
(15-30m) onset, duration 3-6 hour
Short Acting insulin - Correct answer - Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R)
- Onset 30 min-1 hr
- peak 2-5 hr
- duration 6-10 hr
Long Acting Ins - Correct answer glargine (Lantus)
detemir (Levemir)
(onset 70 minutes) duration 18-24 hours
Ultralong In - Correct answer Tresiba
Onset (30-90 min)
duration >24hours
Metformin black box warning - Correct answer -lactic acidosis increased with CKD, liver disease,
severe infection, excessive alcohol intake, shock, or hypoexmia
Biguanides (Metformin) Uses - Correct answer Glycemic control
DM2 prevention
Gestational Diabetes
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (by lowering androgen levels)
Metformin side effects - Correct answer Anorexia, GI upset, nausea, diarrhea, B12 (peripheral
neuropathy)/Folate deficiency (impair CNS development in fetuses)
PHARMACOLOGY | ALL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS | LATEST EDITION |
ALREADY GRADED A+
Negative feedback system in hypothyroidism - Correct answer Production of T3 and T3 by the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
TRH - Correct answer from the hypothalamus controls the release of TSH
TSH (negative feedback loop) - Correct answer acts as the gauge for the hypothalamus to know
if it needs more or less TRH and subsequently more or less TSH
Acute symptoms of diabetes plus casual plasma glucose concentration greater than or equal to
200 mg/dL.
Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/d (8hrs) - Correct answer Diabetes
Mellitis
2 hour post-load plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test greater than or equal to 200
mg/dL. The test uses a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose
dissolved in water. - Correct answer Diabetes Mellitis (glucose tolerance test)
HgB A1c > or equal to 6.5 - Correct answer Diabetes Mellitis Labs
Pre-Diabetes Glucose tolerance test - Correct answer Plasma glucose 140 to 199 mg/dL (IGT) 2
hours post-ingestion of standard glucose load (75 g) or
HgB A1c 5.7-6.4 - Correct answer Prediabetes
Diabetes Treatment Step 1 - Correct answer Lifestyle Changes
Metformin
Diabetes Treatment Step 2 - Correct answer Step 1 (lifestyle and metformin)
Second Drug
Diabetes Treatment Step 3 - Correct answer Step 1+2
Third Drug
, Diabetes Treatment step 4 - Correct answer Consider GLP-1 Agonist if Step 3 includes basal
insulin
Insulin Human - Correct answer Pancreas Basal Cells in langeran's
Insulin accelerant - Correct answer Corticosteroids
Compound Effect Insulin Medication - Correct answer Sulfonyureas (ides)
Rapid ACTING INsulin - Correct answer Lispro (Humalog)
Aspart (Novolog)
Glulisine (Apidra)
(15-30m) onset, duration 3-6 hour
Short Acting insulin - Correct answer - Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R)
- Onset 30 min-1 hr
- peak 2-5 hr
- duration 6-10 hr
Long Acting Ins - Correct answer glargine (Lantus)
detemir (Levemir)
(onset 70 minutes) duration 18-24 hours
Ultralong In - Correct answer Tresiba
Onset (30-90 min)
duration >24hours
Metformin black box warning - Correct answer -lactic acidosis increased with CKD, liver disease,
severe infection, excessive alcohol intake, shock, or hypoexmia
Biguanides (Metformin) Uses - Correct answer Glycemic control
DM2 prevention
Gestational Diabetes
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (by lowering androgen levels)
Metformin side effects - Correct answer Anorexia, GI upset, nausea, diarrhea, B12 (peripheral
neuropathy)/Folate deficiency (impair CNS development in fetuses)
