BIO 120 Final exam questions and answers Graded
A+
Hydrophobic
"Water-fearing"; substances that do NOT dissolve in water (ex: oils).
Hydrophilic
"Water-loving"; substances that dissolve in water (ex: salts, sugars).
Polar
Molecules with an uneven distribution of charge (ex: water).
Non-polar
Molecules with evenly distributed charge; do not mix with water (ex: lipids).
Dominant trait
Expressed when at least one dominant allele is present (A)
Recessive trait
Expressed only when two recessive alleles are present (aa)
Homozygous
Two identical alleles (AA or aa)
Heterozygous
Two different alleles (Aa)
Genotype
Genetic makeup (letters)
Phenotype
Physical appearance or trait (e.g., brown eyes)
Mutation
A change in DNA sequence
, Polygenic
A trait controlled by multiple genes (ex: height, skin color)
Fitness (evolution)
Ability to survive and produce fertile offspring
Vestigial structures
Structures that once had a function but no longer do (ex: human tailbone)
Homologous structures
Similar structures due to common ancestry (ex: bird wing & human arm)
Reproductive barrier
Anything preventing two species from mating (ex: geography, behavior)
Species
A group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring.
Speciation
Formation of new species.
Microevolution
Small evolutionary changes within a population.
Macroevolution
Large-scale evolutionary patterns (speciation, extinction)
Artificial selection:
Humans select for desired traits.
Natural selection
Environment selects which traits increase survival
Prokaryotic
Simple cells with NO nucleus (bacteria).
A+
Hydrophobic
"Water-fearing"; substances that do NOT dissolve in water (ex: oils).
Hydrophilic
"Water-loving"; substances that dissolve in water (ex: salts, sugars).
Polar
Molecules with an uneven distribution of charge (ex: water).
Non-polar
Molecules with evenly distributed charge; do not mix with water (ex: lipids).
Dominant trait
Expressed when at least one dominant allele is present (A)
Recessive trait
Expressed only when two recessive alleles are present (aa)
Homozygous
Two identical alleles (AA or aa)
Heterozygous
Two different alleles (Aa)
Genotype
Genetic makeup (letters)
Phenotype
Physical appearance or trait (e.g., brown eyes)
Mutation
A change in DNA sequence
, Polygenic
A trait controlled by multiple genes (ex: height, skin color)
Fitness (evolution)
Ability to survive and produce fertile offspring
Vestigial structures
Structures that once had a function but no longer do (ex: human tailbone)
Homologous structures
Similar structures due to common ancestry (ex: bird wing & human arm)
Reproductive barrier
Anything preventing two species from mating (ex: geography, behavior)
Species
A group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring.
Speciation
Formation of new species.
Microevolution
Small evolutionary changes within a population.
Macroevolution
Large-scale evolutionary patterns (speciation, extinction)
Artificial selection:
Humans select for desired traits.
Natural selection
Environment selects which traits increase survival
Prokaryotic
Simple cells with NO nucleus (bacteria).
