NURS 2026/27 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WELL
ILLUSTRATED GUARANTEED PASS RATED A+
Composition of kidney stones
-calcium phosphase (high calcium, low urine output)
-calcium oxalate (high calcium, low urine output)
-uric acid (high protein, low urine output)
-cystine (hereditary)
-struvite (recent uti)
Pathophysiology of kidney stones
--> high oxalate and calcium food intake
--> low fluid intake and output
--> crystal abundance in kidney
--> stone formation
Manifestations of kidney stone
-nausea & vomiting
-flank, groin, abdominal pain
-sharp, sudden pain
-hematuria
-dysuria
-urinary frequency
,Kidney stone diagnostics
-urinalysis
-urine culture
-ivp (contrast injected into vein)
-retrograde pyelogram (contrast injected into ureters)
-ultrasound
-cytoscopy
-x-ray
Nursing management for kidney stone
-pain meds (nsaids & opioids)
-anti-emetics for vomiting
-vitals
-fluids (iv & po)
-dietary health teaching
-shock wave lithotripsy
-ureterscopy
Oliguria
400ml or less in a 24 hour period
Anuria
100ml or less in a 24 hour period
,Renal failure occurs when what percent of the nephrons have
been affected?
75%
Rifle acronym
Risk (25% gfr decrease)
Injury (50% gfr decrease)
Failure (75% gfr decrease)
Loss (persistent for >4 wks)
End-stage failure (persistent for >12 weeks)
What is the normal gfr?
125 ml/min
Prerenal aki causes
Anything decreasing gfr and blood delivery to kidneys:
-hypovolemia
-decrease cardiac output
-decreased peripheral resistance
-obstruction
-vasoactive meds
, Intrarenal aki causes
Anything that disrupts basement membrane:
-prolonged ischemia and acute tubular necrosis
-nephrotoxins (nsaids)
-accumulation of hemoglobin or myoglobin
-glomerulonephritis
-direct damage to renal tissue
Aki can be reversed if basement membrane is not destroyed
Postrenal aki causes
Anything blocking urinary outflow causing reflux into kidneys:
-bph
-prostate cancer
-renal calculi
-trauma
-extrarenal tumours
Manifestations of initiation phase of aki
-increased bun & creatinine
-low urine output
ILLUSTRATED GUARANTEED PASS RATED A+
Composition of kidney stones
-calcium phosphase (high calcium, low urine output)
-calcium oxalate (high calcium, low urine output)
-uric acid (high protein, low urine output)
-cystine (hereditary)
-struvite (recent uti)
Pathophysiology of kidney stones
--> high oxalate and calcium food intake
--> low fluid intake and output
--> crystal abundance in kidney
--> stone formation
Manifestations of kidney stone
-nausea & vomiting
-flank, groin, abdominal pain
-sharp, sudden pain
-hematuria
-dysuria
-urinary frequency
,Kidney stone diagnostics
-urinalysis
-urine culture
-ivp (contrast injected into vein)
-retrograde pyelogram (contrast injected into ureters)
-ultrasound
-cytoscopy
-x-ray
Nursing management for kidney stone
-pain meds (nsaids & opioids)
-anti-emetics for vomiting
-vitals
-fluids (iv & po)
-dietary health teaching
-shock wave lithotripsy
-ureterscopy
Oliguria
400ml or less in a 24 hour period
Anuria
100ml or less in a 24 hour period
,Renal failure occurs when what percent of the nephrons have
been affected?
75%
Rifle acronym
Risk (25% gfr decrease)
Injury (50% gfr decrease)
Failure (75% gfr decrease)
Loss (persistent for >4 wks)
End-stage failure (persistent for >12 weeks)
What is the normal gfr?
125 ml/min
Prerenal aki causes
Anything decreasing gfr and blood delivery to kidneys:
-hypovolemia
-decrease cardiac output
-decreased peripheral resistance
-obstruction
-vasoactive meds
, Intrarenal aki causes
Anything that disrupts basement membrane:
-prolonged ischemia and acute tubular necrosis
-nephrotoxins (nsaids)
-accumulation of hemoglobin or myoglobin
-glomerulonephritis
-direct damage to renal tissue
Aki can be reversed if basement membrane is not destroyed
Postrenal aki causes
Anything blocking urinary outflow causing reflux into kidneys:
-bph
-prostate cancer
-renal calculi
-trauma
-extrarenal tumours
Manifestations of initiation phase of aki
-increased bun & creatinine
-low urine output
