NU 578 Unit 1--#2
Full term - answer36-40 weeks gestation
Ganglionic blocking agents - answerInterrupt impulse transmission through ganglia of
the autonomic nervous system. They do this by competing with Ach for binding to
nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia.
Generic name - answerAssigned by US Adopted Names Council. -each drug has only
ONE -aka nonproprietary name or US Adopted Name
Glomerular filtration - answerMoves drugs from the blood into the tubular urine within
the glomerulus of the Bowman's capsule.
Half life - answerThe time it takes for a drug to be 50% of its original concentration in
the body. The time required for the amount of dug in the body to decrease by 50%.
Hepatic metabolism - answerIs low in newborns.
Hepatic microsomal enzyme system - answera.k.a. P450 system which an enzyme
system consisting of 12 closely enzyme families in the liver involved with metabolizing
drugs. Cyochrome P450 is a key component of the system. These enzymes are
capable of catalyzing a wide variety of reactions using drugs as substrate.
Hepatotoxic drugs - answerDrugs that cause injury to the liver. Patients taking these
should have liver function tests to check liver enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase
(AST, formerly known as SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT, formerly known as
SGPT).
Iatrogenic disease - answerA disease produced by drugs.
Idiosyncratic effect - answerAn uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic
predisposition.
Inactivation - answerDrug metabolism can convert pharmacologically active compounds
to inactive forms.
Induction - answerThe process of stimulating liver enzyme synthesis to increase the
drug-metabolizing capacity of the liver.
Infants - answerweeks 5-52
Intramuscular administration - answerAbsorption pattern: rapidly or slowly depending on
the water solubility of the drug and blood flow to the site
, Advantages to IM administration - answerAdministration of poorly soluble drugs,
administration of depot preparations which absorb slowly.
Barriers to IM administration - answercapillary walls
Disadvantages to IM administration - answerDiscomfort and inconvenience, can't be
used on patients on anticoagulant therapy.
IM administration - answerSlow & erratic in neonates, rapid in infants.
IV adminstration - answerAbsorption pattern: instantaneous and complete
Advantages to IV adminstration - answerRapid onset and precise control of drug levels
in blood, ability to use large fluid volumes, ability to administer drugs that would irritate
tissues.
Barriers to IV administration - answerNone since it is going directly into the bloodstream
Disadvantages to IV administration - answerHigh cost, difficulty, inconvenience,
irreversible therefore dangerous, fluid overload, infection, embolism. Can't take it back
from body, inconvenient, difficult, costly, risk of overload, infection, embolism.
IV administration - answerFaster, more complete, precise dosage control, better for
large volumes, avoids GI distruction.
Ion trapping or pH partitioning - answerThe process whereby a drug accumulates on the
side of a membrane where the pH most favors its ionization.
Ion trapping - answerWhen a membrane separates an acid and a base and the
molecules that ionize in each medium build up.
Ionization - answerThe process of an acid giving up a proton or a base accepting a
proton which converts them into a charged particle (ion).
Ionize - answerTo become charged.
Ionized - answerIt means either an acid donated a proton or a base accepted a proton
Ions - answerMolecules that have a net electrical charge (either positive or negative).
Except for very small molecules, ions are not able to cross.
Irreversible Cholinesterase Inhibitors - answerThese are highly toxic and primarily used
as insecticides. All contain an atom of phosphorus and are highly lipid soluble. They are
readily absorbed from all routes of administration. Potential agents of chemical warfare.
Once absorbed they have ready access to all tissues and organs, including the CNS.
Full term - answer36-40 weeks gestation
Ganglionic blocking agents - answerInterrupt impulse transmission through ganglia of
the autonomic nervous system. They do this by competing with Ach for binding to
nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia.
Generic name - answerAssigned by US Adopted Names Council. -each drug has only
ONE -aka nonproprietary name or US Adopted Name
Glomerular filtration - answerMoves drugs from the blood into the tubular urine within
the glomerulus of the Bowman's capsule.
Half life - answerThe time it takes for a drug to be 50% of its original concentration in
the body. The time required for the amount of dug in the body to decrease by 50%.
Hepatic metabolism - answerIs low in newborns.
Hepatic microsomal enzyme system - answera.k.a. P450 system which an enzyme
system consisting of 12 closely enzyme families in the liver involved with metabolizing
drugs. Cyochrome P450 is a key component of the system. These enzymes are
capable of catalyzing a wide variety of reactions using drugs as substrate.
Hepatotoxic drugs - answerDrugs that cause injury to the liver. Patients taking these
should have liver function tests to check liver enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase
(AST, formerly known as SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT, formerly known as
SGPT).
Iatrogenic disease - answerA disease produced by drugs.
Idiosyncratic effect - answerAn uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic
predisposition.
Inactivation - answerDrug metabolism can convert pharmacologically active compounds
to inactive forms.
Induction - answerThe process of stimulating liver enzyme synthesis to increase the
drug-metabolizing capacity of the liver.
Infants - answerweeks 5-52
Intramuscular administration - answerAbsorption pattern: rapidly or slowly depending on
the water solubility of the drug and blood flow to the site
, Advantages to IM administration - answerAdministration of poorly soluble drugs,
administration of depot preparations which absorb slowly.
Barriers to IM administration - answercapillary walls
Disadvantages to IM administration - answerDiscomfort and inconvenience, can't be
used on patients on anticoagulant therapy.
IM administration - answerSlow & erratic in neonates, rapid in infants.
IV adminstration - answerAbsorption pattern: instantaneous and complete
Advantages to IV adminstration - answerRapid onset and precise control of drug levels
in blood, ability to use large fluid volumes, ability to administer drugs that would irritate
tissues.
Barriers to IV administration - answerNone since it is going directly into the bloodstream
Disadvantages to IV administration - answerHigh cost, difficulty, inconvenience,
irreversible therefore dangerous, fluid overload, infection, embolism. Can't take it back
from body, inconvenient, difficult, costly, risk of overload, infection, embolism.
IV administration - answerFaster, more complete, precise dosage control, better for
large volumes, avoids GI distruction.
Ion trapping or pH partitioning - answerThe process whereby a drug accumulates on the
side of a membrane where the pH most favors its ionization.
Ion trapping - answerWhen a membrane separates an acid and a base and the
molecules that ionize in each medium build up.
Ionization - answerThe process of an acid giving up a proton or a base accepting a
proton which converts them into a charged particle (ion).
Ionize - answerTo become charged.
Ionized - answerIt means either an acid donated a proton or a base accepted a proton
Ions - answerMolecules that have a net electrical charge (either positive or negative).
Except for very small molecules, ions are not able to cross.
Irreversible Cholinesterase Inhibitors - answerThese are highly toxic and primarily used
as insecticides. All contain an atom of phosphorus and are highly lipid soluble. They are
readily absorbed from all routes of administration. Potential agents of chemical warfare.
Once absorbed they have ready access to all tissues and organs, including the CNS.
