,Contents
Chapter 1 L Speaking of Statistics ................................................................................... 1
L L
Chapter 2 L Measurement in Statistics ........................................................................... 13
L L
Chapter 3 L Visual Displays of Data.............................................................................. 21
L L L
Chapter 4 L Describing Data ......................................................................................... 44
L
Chapter 5 L A Normal World ........................................................................................ 63
L L
Chapter 6 L Probability in Statistics............................................................................... 71
L L
Chapter 7 L Correlation and Causality ........................................................................... 83
L L
Chapter 8 L Inferences from Samples to Populations ................................................... 100
L L L L
Chapter 9 L Hypothesis Testing .................................................................................. 108
L
Chapter 10 L t Tests, Two-Way Tables, and ANOVA .................................................. 123
L L L L L
Answers ...................................................................................................................... 135
iii
,Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life
L L L L
Chapter 1 (Speaking of Statistics) Exam, form A
L L L L L L L
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
L L L L L L L L L L L L
answers the question.
L L
For problems 1 and 2, determine whether the evaluated group is a population or a sample.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
1) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
A) Population B) Sample L
2) A researcher examines the property tax records of 84 property owners in one city and finds that 17
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
% are behind in their tax payments.
L L L L L L
A) Population B) Sample L
For problems 3 and 4, determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
3) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
A) Statistic B) Parameter L
4) A researcher examines the property tax records of 84 property owners in one city and finds that 17
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
% are behind in their tax payments.
L L L L L L
A) Statistic B) Parameter L
5) Following the Republican National Convention, a poll of 600 voters in a central Illinois community
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
showed that 57% expected the Republican ticket to win over the Democrat ticket no matter whom t
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
he Democrats chose for vice-
L L L L
president. The margin of error was 4 percentage points. There are 25,000 registered voters in the c
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
ommunity. Which range of values is likely to contain the population parameter?
L L L L L L L L L L L
A) 13,250 to 15,250 B) 24,400 to 25,600 L L L L L
C) 318 to 366 L L D) 53% to 61% L L L L
6) A poll of 488 citizens of Normal, Illinois, showed that 65% favored strict enforcement of speed
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
limit s with a margin of error of 4%. A second poll of 495 citizens of the same town showed that
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
34% favo red strict enforcement of speed limits. Assuming that proper sampling techniques were
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
used in both polls, one may conclude that
L L L L L L L
A) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speedfilimits is 49.5% 8%.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
B) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speedfilimits is 49.5% 4%.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
C) one or both of the samples may have been unlikelyfisamples from the population.
L L L L L L L L L L L L
D) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speed limits is 65% 8%.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
7) A poll of 700 attendees of the Taste of Chicago showed that 445 attendees, 65% of the sample, beli
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
eved that the food was overpriced. It is estimated that 1,250,000 people attend the Taste. Although 6
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
5% plus or minus 5% of attendees believe that the food is overpriced, the Taste is a popular event.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
The raw data of the study is (are)
L L L L L L L
A) 65% of the sample. L L L
B) 700 attendees, 455 attendees. L L L
C) 1,250,000 attendees, 700 attendees, 455 attendees. L L L L L
D) (60%, 70%) L
8) A student wanted to know the favorite lunch at a large high school with a closed campus. What is t
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
he first step in conducting a statistical study to answer the question?
L L L L L L L L L L L
A) Select a random sample of students. L L L L L
B) Precisely state the goal of the study. L L L L L L
C) Select a random sample of students and teachers. L L L L L L L
D) Select a random sample of teachers. L L L L L
1
.
, For problems 9 and 10, determine whether the statement is based on census data or sample
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
data.
9) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
A) Census data L B) Sample data L L
10) A researcher determines that 17% of 84 property owners in a large city are behind in their ta
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
x payments.
L
A) Census data L B) Sample data L L
For problems 11 and 12, select the most representative sample of the population of interest.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
11) A college student who does laundry infrequently wants to determine the effect of stain remover o
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
n what should be white clothes.
L L L L L
A) Reports of two friends, one of whom was given stain remover.
L L L L L L L L L L
B) The reports of an internet chatroom on laundry techniques.
L L L L L L L L
C) Two loads of personal wash, one with, one without stain remover.
L L L L L L L L L L
D) Two loads of wash, one personal, one of a friend, the stain remover assigned by a coin flip.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
12) The father of a junior high school student wants to determinefithe most popular book among junior hig
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
h students. Select the sample with the least potential bias.
L L L L L L L L L
A) A randomly selected group of 10 book sellers
L L L L L L L
B) A randomly selected group of 30 junior high students
L L L L L L L L
C) A randomly selected group of 30 junior high students leaving the public library
L L L L L L L L L L L L
D) The group of 30 junior high students attending the birthday party of the researcher’s child
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
For problems 13 and 14, identify the sampling technique that was used.
L L L L L L L L L L L
13) A sample consists of every 49th student from a group of 496 students.
L L L L L L L L L L L L
A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
14) To avoid working late, a quality-control analyst simply inspects the first 100 items produced in a day.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
For problems 15 and 16, determine whether the study is experimental or observational?
L L L L L L L L L L L L
15) A marketing firm does a survey to find out how many people use a product. Of the 100 peop
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
le contacted, 15 said they use the product.
L L L L L L L
A) Observational B) Experimental L
16) Two samples of fish are taken from a river upstream and downstream of a factory to measure the effe
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
ct of pollution from the factory on the fish.
L L L L L L L L
A) Observational B) Experimental L
2
.
Chapter 1 L Speaking of Statistics ................................................................................... 1
L L
Chapter 2 L Measurement in Statistics ........................................................................... 13
L L
Chapter 3 L Visual Displays of Data.............................................................................. 21
L L L
Chapter 4 L Describing Data ......................................................................................... 44
L
Chapter 5 L A Normal World ........................................................................................ 63
L L
Chapter 6 L Probability in Statistics............................................................................... 71
L L
Chapter 7 L Correlation and Causality ........................................................................... 83
L L
Chapter 8 L Inferences from Samples to Populations ................................................... 100
L L L L
Chapter 9 L Hypothesis Testing .................................................................................. 108
L
Chapter 10 L t Tests, Two-Way Tables, and ANOVA .................................................. 123
L L L L L
Answers ...................................................................................................................... 135
iii
,Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life
L L L L
Chapter 1 (Speaking of Statistics) Exam, form A
L L L L L L L
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
L L L L L L L L L L L L
answers the question.
L L
For problems 1 and 2, determine whether the evaluated group is a population or a sample.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
1) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
A) Population B) Sample L
2) A researcher examines the property tax records of 84 property owners in one city and finds that 17
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
% are behind in their tax payments.
L L L L L L
A) Population B) Sample L
For problems 3 and 4, determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
3) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
A) Statistic B) Parameter L
4) A researcher examines the property tax records of 84 property owners in one city and finds that 17
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
% are behind in their tax payments.
L L L L L L
A) Statistic B) Parameter L
5) Following the Republican National Convention, a poll of 600 voters in a central Illinois community
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
showed that 57% expected the Republican ticket to win over the Democrat ticket no matter whom t
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
he Democrats chose for vice-
L L L L
president. The margin of error was 4 percentage points. There are 25,000 registered voters in the c
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
ommunity. Which range of values is likely to contain the population parameter?
L L L L L L L L L L L
A) 13,250 to 15,250 B) 24,400 to 25,600 L L L L L
C) 318 to 366 L L D) 53% to 61% L L L L
6) A poll of 488 citizens of Normal, Illinois, showed that 65% favored strict enforcement of speed
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
limit s with a margin of error of 4%. A second poll of 495 citizens of the same town showed that
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
34% favo red strict enforcement of speed limits. Assuming that proper sampling techniques were
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
used in both polls, one may conclude that
L L L L L L L
A) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speedfilimits is 49.5% 8%.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
B) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speedfilimits is 49.5% 4%.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
C) one or both of the samples may have been unlikelyfisamples from the population.
L L L L L L L L L L L L
D) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speed limits is 65% 8%.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
7) A poll of 700 attendees of the Taste of Chicago showed that 445 attendees, 65% of the sample, beli
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
eved that the food was overpriced. It is estimated that 1,250,000 people attend the Taste. Although 6
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
5% plus or minus 5% of attendees believe that the food is overpriced, the Taste is a popular event.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
The raw data of the study is (are)
L L L L L L L
A) 65% of the sample. L L L
B) 700 attendees, 455 attendees. L L L
C) 1,250,000 attendees, 700 attendees, 455 attendees. L L L L L
D) (60%, 70%) L
8) A student wanted to know the favorite lunch at a large high school with a closed campus. What is t
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
he first step in conducting a statistical study to answer the question?
L L L L L L L L L L L
A) Select a random sample of students. L L L L L
B) Precisely state the goal of the study. L L L L L L
C) Select a random sample of students and teachers. L L L L L L L
D) Select a random sample of teachers. L L L L L
1
.
, For problems 9 and 10, determine whether the statement is based on census data or sample
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
data.
9) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
A) Census data L B) Sample data L L
10) A researcher determines that 17% of 84 property owners in a large city are behind in their ta
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
x payments.
L
A) Census data L B) Sample data L L
For problems 11 and 12, select the most representative sample of the population of interest.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
11) A college student who does laundry infrequently wants to determine the effect of stain remover o
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
n what should be white clothes.
L L L L L
A) Reports of two friends, one of whom was given stain remover.
L L L L L L L L L L
B) The reports of an internet chatroom on laundry techniques.
L L L L L L L L
C) Two loads of personal wash, one with, one without stain remover.
L L L L L L L L L L
D) Two loads of wash, one personal, one of a friend, the stain remover assigned by a coin flip.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
12) The father of a junior high school student wants to determinefithe most popular book among junior hig
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
h students. Select the sample with the least potential bias.
L L L L L L L L L
A) A randomly selected group of 10 book sellers
L L L L L L L
B) A randomly selected group of 30 junior high students
L L L L L L L L
C) A randomly selected group of 30 junior high students leaving the public library
L L L L L L L L L L L L
D) The group of 30 junior high students attending the birthday party of the researcher’s child
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
For problems 13 and 14, identify the sampling technique that was used.
L L L L L L L L L L L
13) A sample consists of every 49th student from a group of 496 students.
L L L L L L L L L L L L
A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
14) To avoid working late, a quality-control analyst simply inspects the first 100 items produced in a day.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
For problems 15 and 16, determine whether the study is experimental or observational?
L L L L L L L L L L L L
15) A marketing firm does a survey to find out how many people use a product. Of the 100 peop
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
le contacted, 15 said they use the product.
L L L L L L L
A) Observational B) Experimental L
16) Two samples of fish are taken from a river upstream and downstream of a factory to measure the effe
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
ct of pollution from the factory on the fish.
L L L L L L L L
A) Observational B) Experimental L
2
.
