TCU DR JONES MICROBIOLOGY FINAL | 367 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | LATEST
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
prokaryotic cell with a rod shape - (ANSWER)bacillus
spherical bacterial cell - (ANSWER)coccus
spiral shaped bacteria - (ANSWER)vibrios, spirilla, spirochete
Other shapes of bacterial cells - (ANSWER)square, appendage, star-shaped, filamentous
Structure and organization are based on specific processes cells need to carry out: -
(ANSWER)Sensing/responding to stimuli, Compartmentation of metabolism, Growth and reproduction
Bacterial Flagella - (ANSWER)are long appendages Extending from the cell surface used for cell motility
Anatomy of a bacterial flagella - (ANSWER)helical filament, a hook, and a basal body
chemotaxis - (ANSWER)moving up the concentration gradient of a chemical attractant
Pili - (ANSWER)are protein fibers extending from the surface of many bacteria
Pili help the cell... - (ANSWER)Attach cells to surfaces and form biofilms and microcolonies
conjugation pili are used to - (ANSWER)transfer genetic material between cells
Glycocalyx - (ANSWER)is an outer layer external to the cell wall that is an adhering layer of
polysaccharides (sometimes small proteins)
capsule - (ANSWER)A thick glycolayx bound to the cell
,TCU DR JONES MICROBIOLOGY FINAL | 367 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | LATEST
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
A slime layer - (ANSWER)A thinner, diffuse layer of polysaccharides that protects cells from the
environment, and allows them to attach to surfaces
bacterial cell wall - (ANSWER)a tough and protective external shell made of peptidoglycan
The cell wall's functions - (ANSWER)protects the cell from injury, and to maintain cell shape and water
balance
Gram-Positive bacteria - (ANSWER)have thick peptidoglycan cell walls containing teichoic acid
Gram-Negative bacteria - (ANSWER)have a 2-dimensional peptidoglycan layer and no teichoic acid
Has an outer membrane, separated from the cell membrane by the... - (ANSWER)periplasmic space
porins - (ANSWER)in outer membrane, selectively allow small molecules into the periplasmic space
represents the interface between the cell environment and the cell cytoplasm - (ANSWER)The cell
membrane
The fluid mosaic model - (ANSWER)It is a fluid layer of phospholipid and protein
...form a permeability barrier - (ANSWER)Hydrophobic fatty acid chains in the phospholipids
Membrane proteins perform or aid in many functions - (ANSWER)Cell wall synthesis, Energy
metabolism, DNA replication, Sensation of stimuli, Molecule transport
Antimicrobial substances may... - (ANSWER)...disrupt or dissolve the bilayer
,TCU DR JONES MICROBIOLOGY FINAL | 367 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | LATEST
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
Binary Fission - (ANSWER)The cell doubles in mass, DNA replicated in the two strands separate
Cytokinesis - (ANSWER)is an inward pinching of the cell membrane and cell wall to separate the cell into
two genetically identical cells
The generation (or doubling) time - (ANSWER)an interval between successive binary fissions
This constant doubling of the numbers only occurs as long as... - (ANSWER)nutrients for growth are
available during the log phase of growth
A bacterial growth curve - (ANSWER)illustrates the dynamics of growth
During the lag phase - (ANSWER)no cell division occurs while bacteria adapt to their new environment
The logarithmic (log) phase - (ANSWER)exponential growth of the population occurs during this phase
Human disease symptoms usually develop during it - (ANSWER)Log Phase
Stationary phase - (ANSWER)when reproductive and death rates equalize
Decline (exponential death) phase - (ANSWER)the accumulation of waste products and scarcity of
resources causes it to enter
Endospores are a response to - (ANSWER)nutrient limitation
Endospores are a highly resistant survival structure formed by species of _____ and _____ when
nutrient supplies are low - (ANSWER)Clostridium and Bacillus
, TCU DR JONES MICROBIOLOGY FINAL | 367 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | LATEST
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
Spores can lay dormant for years then germinate into a vegetative cell, withstand - (ANSWER)boiling
water, alcohol and radiation
A stressed cell undergoes asymmetrical cell division creating... - (ANSWER)creating a small prespore and
a larger mother cell
The prespore contains - (ANSWER)Cytoplasm, DNA, Dipicolinic
Dipicolinic acid - (ANSWER)stabilizes proteins and DNA
The mother cell matures the prespore into an - (ANSWER)endospore
The endospore then - (ANSWER)disintegrates, freeing the spore
Endospores abilities - (ANSWER)Are resistant to desiccation, heat, and undergo very few chemical
reactions
When environmental conditions are again favorable, the spore - (ANSWER)protective layers break down
and the spore germinates into a vegetative cell
Why are Spores so hard to kill - (ANSWER)They are not metabolically inert, have a low water content, a
thick spore coat, and contain lots of calcium and Dipicolinic acid (10% by weight). All thought to
contribute to their heat resistance
The basic requirements for a bacteria to grow include - (ANSWER)Water, Carbon/energy sources,
Essential elements and organic growth factors, Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Osmotic
conditions
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
prokaryotic cell with a rod shape - (ANSWER)bacillus
spherical bacterial cell - (ANSWER)coccus
spiral shaped bacteria - (ANSWER)vibrios, spirilla, spirochete
Other shapes of bacterial cells - (ANSWER)square, appendage, star-shaped, filamentous
Structure and organization are based on specific processes cells need to carry out: -
(ANSWER)Sensing/responding to stimuli, Compartmentation of metabolism, Growth and reproduction
Bacterial Flagella - (ANSWER)are long appendages Extending from the cell surface used for cell motility
Anatomy of a bacterial flagella - (ANSWER)helical filament, a hook, and a basal body
chemotaxis - (ANSWER)moving up the concentration gradient of a chemical attractant
Pili - (ANSWER)are protein fibers extending from the surface of many bacteria
Pili help the cell... - (ANSWER)Attach cells to surfaces and form biofilms and microcolonies
conjugation pili are used to - (ANSWER)transfer genetic material between cells
Glycocalyx - (ANSWER)is an outer layer external to the cell wall that is an adhering layer of
polysaccharides (sometimes small proteins)
capsule - (ANSWER)A thick glycolayx bound to the cell
,TCU DR JONES MICROBIOLOGY FINAL | 367 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | LATEST
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
A slime layer - (ANSWER)A thinner, diffuse layer of polysaccharides that protects cells from the
environment, and allows them to attach to surfaces
bacterial cell wall - (ANSWER)a tough and protective external shell made of peptidoglycan
The cell wall's functions - (ANSWER)protects the cell from injury, and to maintain cell shape and water
balance
Gram-Positive bacteria - (ANSWER)have thick peptidoglycan cell walls containing teichoic acid
Gram-Negative bacteria - (ANSWER)have a 2-dimensional peptidoglycan layer and no teichoic acid
Has an outer membrane, separated from the cell membrane by the... - (ANSWER)periplasmic space
porins - (ANSWER)in outer membrane, selectively allow small molecules into the periplasmic space
represents the interface between the cell environment and the cell cytoplasm - (ANSWER)The cell
membrane
The fluid mosaic model - (ANSWER)It is a fluid layer of phospholipid and protein
...form a permeability barrier - (ANSWER)Hydrophobic fatty acid chains in the phospholipids
Membrane proteins perform or aid in many functions - (ANSWER)Cell wall synthesis, Energy
metabolism, DNA replication, Sensation of stimuli, Molecule transport
Antimicrobial substances may... - (ANSWER)...disrupt or dissolve the bilayer
,TCU DR JONES MICROBIOLOGY FINAL | 367 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | LATEST
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
Binary Fission - (ANSWER)The cell doubles in mass, DNA replicated in the two strands separate
Cytokinesis - (ANSWER)is an inward pinching of the cell membrane and cell wall to separate the cell into
two genetically identical cells
The generation (or doubling) time - (ANSWER)an interval between successive binary fissions
This constant doubling of the numbers only occurs as long as... - (ANSWER)nutrients for growth are
available during the log phase of growth
A bacterial growth curve - (ANSWER)illustrates the dynamics of growth
During the lag phase - (ANSWER)no cell division occurs while bacteria adapt to their new environment
The logarithmic (log) phase - (ANSWER)exponential growth of the population occurs during this phase
Human disease symptoms usually develop during it - (ANSWER)Log Phase
Stationary phase - (ANSWER)when reproductive and death rates equalize
Decline (exponential death) phase - (ANSWER)the accumulation of waste products and scarcity of
resources causes it to enter
Endospores are a response to - (ANSWER)nutrient limitation
Endospores are a highly resistant survival structure formed by species of _____ and _____ when
nutrient supplies are low - (ANSWER)Clostridium and Bacillus
, TCU DR JONES MICROBIOLOGY FINAL | 367 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | LATEST
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
Spores can lay dormant for years then germinate into a vegetative cell, withstand - (ANSWER)boiling
water, alcohol and radiation
A stressed cell undergoes asymmetrical cell division creating... - (ANSWER)creating a small prespore and
a larger mother cell
The prespore contains - (ANSWER)Cytoplasm, DNA, Dipicolinic
Dipicolinic acid - (ANSWER)stabilizes proteins and DNA
The mother cell matures the prespore into an - (ANSWER)endospore
The endospore then - (ANSWER)disintegrates, freeing the spore
Endospores abilities - (ANSWER)Are resistant to desiccation, heat, and undergo very few chemical
reactions
When environmental conditions are again favorable, the spore - (ANSWER)protective layers break down
and the spore germinates into a vegetative cell
Why are Spores so hard to kill - (ANSWER)They are not metabolically inert, have a low water content, a
thick spore coat, and contain lots of calcium and Dipicolinic acid (10% by weight). All thought to
contribute to their heat resistance
The basic requirements for a bacteria to grow include - (ANSWER)Water, Carbon/energy sources,
Essential elements and organic growth factors, Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Osmotic
conditions
